The article presents the results of a historical and medical study reflecting the problems of child food during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The purpose of the study is to conduct an objective analysis of the situation related to the shortage of child food in the most difficult period of the history of our country and give an impartial assessment of the state measures taken to solve the problems that have arisen. An analysis of archival and literary sources indicates that providing children with food during the war was one of the most difficult tasks of high-priority importance. Deprived of vital nutrients and vitamins that guarantee normal growth and development processes, children of war suffered from hypotrophy, hypovitaminosis, rickets, they had а physical and psychomotor retardation, a decrease of the body resistance. Despite the extraordinary circumstances, a set of state measures was implemented to ensure the need of the child’s body for the necessary vital nutrients and vitamins. However, some territories had difficulties of an objective and organizational nature with the supply of food to children. To save the lives of young children, their normal physical and psychomotor development, reduce morbidity and mortality, scientists conducted research in order to obtain alternative food sources rich in proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins that replace children’s foods that were scarce during the war.

Background. Changes in microbiocenosis during critical periods of ontogenesis are of particular importance, as they create prerequisites for the formation of delayed pathology. However, in infants with allergies, the association of changes in the intestinal microbiota with certain allergens has not been sufficiently studied.

The aim of the study is the determination the composition features of the intestinal microbiota in young children with IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated food allergies.

Methods. In infants 6–12 months old with food allergy symptoms, the composition of the intestinal microbiota was studied (culture method), the presence of IgE was determined by chemiluminescence immunoassay, and the levels of sensitization were studied by the ImmunoCAP ISAC method. The data obtained has been subjected to correlation analysis.

Results. There were 56 full-term infants with allergy symptoms, of whom 15 (27%) were born by caesarean section, 12 (21%) received antibiotics in the perinatal period, and 30 (54%) stopped exclusive breastfeeding early. When assessing the intestinal microbiota, a decrease in symbiont levels was noted in 32 (57%) patients. An increased content of Klebsiella spp. was revealed — in 21 (38%), Clostridium spp. — 5 (9%) have Enterobacter spp. — in 5 (9%), Escherichia coli lactose-negative — in 11 (20%), Citrobacter spp. — in 4 (7%), Escherichia coli hemolytic — in 7 (13%). According to the results of immunological studies, patients were divided into 2 subgroups: with IgE-mediated (n = 10) and non-IgE-mediated food allergies (n = 46). In patients with IgE-mediated allergy, significant positive associations were found: SiGe to alpha-lactalbumin and casein (Bos d4, Bos d8), lysozyme (Gal d4) with hemolytic Escherichia coli content (R = 0.31; 0.35; 0.37); SiGe to casein (Bos d8), lysozyme (Gal d4) containing Clostridium spp. (R = 0.30; 0.32).

Conclusion. The interrelationships of IgE-mediated sensitization to food allergens and the composition of the intestinal microbiota are the basis for the development of methods for individualized correction of the allergic phenotype.

Rett syndrome is a rare hereditary disease that is one of the most common causes of intellectual disability in girls. The disease manifests itself in 6–18 months of life. Common symptoms of Rett syndrome include progressive mental and speech development delay, regression of previously acquired speech and motor skills, respiratory disorders, epilepsy, pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine, cardiovascular and urinary systems, which significantly impairs the vital functions of patients. Many children with this disease receive preventive vaccinations behind schedule or are not vaccinated at all, which is due to both refusals from parents and unjustified medical challenges from specialized specialists. The article presents a case report of a 5-year-old girl with Rett syndrome who was vaccinated later than the date indicated in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations of the Russian Federation and did not have all the necessary preventive vaccinations for her age. By contacting the Pediatrics and Child Health Research Institute in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery the patient was examined by specialist specialists and referred to the Department of vaccine prevention. A serological study of the intensity of immunity to vaccine-controlled infections was conducted before and after the course of vaccinations, and an individual vaccination plan was drawn up. The department carried out immunization against chickenpox, pneumococcal and meningococcal infections, revaccination against polio, as well as vaccination against hepatitis A. In the future, a vaccination plan was drawn up for preventive vaccinations at the place of residence, and immunization of the entourage was recommended.

Background. Congenital syphilis is an intrauterine infection characterized by multiple organ damage with severe consequences leading to disability. Transmission of infection from mother to fetus can occur in utero through the placenta or during childbirth through direct contact with the infected birth canal of the mother. Early congenital syphilis in children under 2 years of age can occur in a latent form without clinical signs with positive serological reactions and in a manifest form with variable clinical symptoms. For the prevention of congenital syphilis, it is extremely important to screen pregnant women for the presence of the causative agent of the disease, as well as timely and full-fledged treatment of expectant mothers in case of positive results, which in most cases avoids infection of the fetus.

Case Report. In the presented case report, a premature baby was born to a woman with untreated syphilis, confirmed serologically by a blood test at late pregnancy. From birth, the child showed signs of intrauterine infection with predominant liver damage. Pneumonia was diagnosed on the 7th day of life. X-ray examination of the tubular bones revealed signs of osteochondritis. Serological diagnostics revealed positive test results for syphilis and mycoplasmosis. The child received complex therapy (etiotropic, pathogenetic, symptomatic), against which positive dynamics was noted.

Conclusion. In the described case report, infection of the fetus with Treponema pallidum and the manifestation of early congenital syphilis in the neonatal period in an active clinical form is probably due to the lack of preventive treatment of the mother during pregnancy. The presented data confirm the importance of the prevention of congenital syphilis, which should consist in the timely detection and treatment of the disease in expectant mothers.

Background. The article presents a rare case report of sex development disorder (DSDs, 46-XX-male), demonstrating the need for timely diagnosis, conservative and surgical treatment, and emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Due to the low frequency of occurrence of this pathology at an early age, the description of a new case is of undoubted interest and scientific and practical significance.

Case Repot. A case report of a 12-year-old female patient diagnosed with 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development is presented. The stages of the diagnostic search, treatment methods depending on age, course of the disease, and response to therapy are described.

Conclusion. Patients diagnosed with disorders of sex development are recommended to be constantly monitored by doctors in order to prescribe and correct conservative therapy, resolve issues about surgical treatment methods, improve the quality of life and implement reproductive function.

This article provides a systematic review of current research on the role of transient receptor potential calcium (TRPC) channels in various pathophysiological processes. The mechanisms of activation and regulation of canonical transient receptor potential channels and their significance in the context of channelopathy-related diseases are considered. Special attention has been given to various points of view on the functioning of TRPC-channels and their interaction with compounds such as diacylglycerol and STIM1 protein. The review highlights the importance of TRPC channels in regulating cellular function, including vascular tone, renal filtration, and cardiac hypertrophy, as well as mediating cellular responses to hormones and growth factors. Research suggests that TRPC channels exhibit multi-level activity, making them attractive targets for pharmacological interventions. As key elements in the pathogenesis of various diseases, from cardiovascular to neurological and immune disorders, TRPCs can serve as a foundation for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. The article highlights the potential for therapeutic intervention, creating opportunities for the development of targeted therapies that focus on the mechanisms of specific diseases. The aim of this review is to analyze and summarize current scientific research on the role of TRPC in pathophysiological processes, the mechanisms of TRPC activation and regulation, and the identification of mechanisms for the development of diseases in channelopathies. In addition, the review opens up a new field for further research, emphasizing the importance of studying the interactions of TRPC with other signaling systems, such as G-proteins and tyrosine kinase receptors, which could lead to the development of more comprehensive combined therapeutic approaches. Thus, the article offers insights into the complex pathophysiological roles of TRPCs and their potential pharmacological applications.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in children are chronic immune-mediated conditions that significantly affect the quality of life (QOL). QOL assessment tools designed specifically for children allow us to quantify the degree of the disease’s impact on various aspects of their lives, such as daily activity, emotional state, social interactions, etc. The research results demonstrate that IBD has a negative impact on children’s QOL, leading to lower school performance, limited social activity, and psychological problems such as anxiety and depression. The severity of the disease, the frequency of exacerbations, the presence of symptoms, extra-intestinal manifestations, the need to follow a diet, frequent hospitalization, and side effects of drug therapy are factors associated with lower QOL. Improving QOL is one of the key goals of treatment, along with achieving clinical and endoscopic remission. Interventions aimed at improving QOL in children with IBD include pharmacological therapy, nutritional support, and psychosocial care. Regular QOL assessment allows doctors and parents to better understand the child’s needs, identify problem areas, and develop customized strategies aimed not only at controlling the disease, but also at improving overall well-being. The article summarizes data on existing methods for assessing QOL in pediatrics, including in the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract and, in particular, in IBD.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), formerly known as premature menopause, is characterized by the loss of ovarian function in women under 40 years of age. The clinical manifestations of this condition arise due to estrogen deficiency and may include symptoms such as amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, vasomotor instability (hot flashes, night sweats), sleep disturbances, vulvovaginal atrophy, changes in urinary frequency, dyspareunia, decreased libido, and general weakness. This article will discuss the autoimmune origin of POI and its relationship with other autoimmune diseases. According to statistics, from 4 to 30% of cases of POI are caused by autoimmune processes. POI often occurs with other autoimmune conditions, such as Addison’s disease, hypothyroidism, Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and diabetes mellitus, although it can also occur in isolation. The pathogenesis of POI is associated with hypoestrogenism and the loss of residual follicles, which leads to menstrual cycle disorders, infertility and a decrease in quality of life. To avoid the long-term effects of estrogen deficiency, hormone replacement therapy is recommended. Studying the causative factors of POI, the relationship of this condition with other autoimmune diseases and analyzing existing methods of early diagnosis will ensure more effective management of such patients and increase the chances of improving their fertility.

Increasing prevalence of obesity in both adults and children is one of the most negative aspects of post-industrial society. The causes of obesity are complicated and still are not investigated well. However, it has been established that environmental factors affecting dietary choices and motor activity are crucial in this disease pathogenesis. Changing diets among world’s population, and primarily among children and adolescents, are associated with popularization of the consumption of energyrich foods undergoing high degree processing. Ultra-processed foods traditionally include fast food, soft drinks, packaged sweet or salty snacks, non-perishable bakery products with big amount of baking powders, self-service meats, and preprepared frozen dishes that have long shelf life and are ready-to-eat. The aim of the study was to analyze current literature regarding relationship between ultra-processed foods consumption and obesity development risk in patients of different ages. Consumption of ultra-processed foods contributes to increase in the number of overweight individuals (both among adults and children), according to research. The data presented in the study is crucial for better understanding of the need for public health nutrition policy changes to promote health and prevent chronic noncommunicable diseases by reducing the proportion of ultra-processed foods consumed among children and adolescents.

Measles is an acute, highly contagious viral disease that is transmitted through airborne droplets. In the 2023–2024 season, the incidence of measles was 127 times higher than in the 2022–2023 season. This is a significant social concern, as measles is a quarantine infection.

Case Report. The boy was born from the fifth pregnancy, the fifth birth, with an Apgar score of 7/9, a body weight of 4100 g, and a body length of 55 cm. The child’s obstetric history was uncomplicated. The child grew and developed according to age norms in a family where children were not vaccinated against measles. At the age of 4 and 5 months, the child suffered from acute bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia. The patient contracted measles after family contact at the age of 5.5 months, with typical symptoms. Two weeks later, the child was admitted to City Clinical Hospital No. 11 in Ryazan with a diagnosis of “Measles, typical form, severe degree, and non-smooth course,” where a complication in the form of secondary destructive pneumonia developed. One month after the onset of measles, numerous bullae were formed in the right lung. The child was on continuous respiratory support using artificial ventilation. After 5.5 months from the onset of the disease, he was transferred to the Russian Children’s Clinical Hospital, a branch of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Moscow), for further treatment with the diagnosis of “bilateral pneumonia, severe course, complicated by destruction on the right side.” He underwent drainage of bullae and thoracoscopic resection of cysts in the upper lobe of the right lung. In the postoperative period, the child returned to the N.V. Dmitrieva Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital (Ryazan) without any positive progress, with the need for constant respiratory support (through a tracheostomy), severe protein-energy deficiency, and multiple organ failure, which ultimately led to the patient’s death at the age of 1.5 years.

Conclusion. Children under one year old are at risk of severe measles due to the lack of adaptive immunity that develops after vaccination.

Background. The article reviews the evidence of a child’s mental life in the prenatal period of ontogenesis. The authors are well aware that in order to include prenatal childhood in medical, psychological and pedagogical practice, further scientific research is required, as well as a broad scientific discussion on this topic with the need to consolidate the legal status of a prenatal child.

Methods. The analysis of scientific literature is carried out.

Results. A database has been compiled confirming the presence of various mental and motor reactions of a prenatal child.

Conclusion. The data presented in this article provide grounds for distinguishing the prenatal period of ontogenesis as a full-fledged period of childhood, allowing it to be considered as the earliest in organizing the processes of medical, psychological and pedagogical support for children’s development, with the possibility of implementing prenatal programming of child health.

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) can cause a wide range of diseases in newborns, it is most often associated with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). cCMV is the leading cause of non-hereditary SNHL (up to 25% of all SNHL cases in). SNHL can be congenital and can have late-onset (up to 50% of cases) up to school age, it determines the risk of its late diagnosis. Children with cCMV should be referred for diagnostic examination even after successfully passed newborn hearing screening. The child remains under the dynamic audiologist’s follow-up, if the diagnostic examination results are normal. Management of children with confirmed hearing loss includes early auditory prosthesis; in cases of severe hearing loss and ineffective auditory prosthesis — cochlear implantation, speech-language therapy, parents training and informing.