Vol 9, No 6 (2012)
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VACCINATION
6-8 768
Abstract
This paper will describe some important infectious diseases and their prevention, to illustrate the interconnectedness of people at different ages. The diseases of interest are congenital infections, bacterial meningitis, rotavirus and human papillomavirus, healthcare associated infections, and influenza. Vaccination of individuals in one age group, for example children, may confer benefits on adults and vice versa. Of particular interest is vaccination of the pregnant woman, especially with regards to pertussis and influenza.
URGENT ISSUES OF A TREATMENT OF EAR, NOSE, THROAT DISEASES
12-15 1264
Abstract
Children and adults of any age and any social and professional groups are susceptible to the measles infection. Measles may lead to the development of severe disease forms and complications; it remains one of the main causes of death among infants around the world, despite a safe and effective vaccine. A clinical observation of children of 5 months to 14 years of age (n = 44) with measles hospitalized to a specialized in-patient department was conducted. Examination of all children included history taking and daily medical examination throughout the inpatient treatment with the evaluation of intensity of clinical symptoms. It is shown that in modern conditions measles in children is registered mainly in the age group of 5 months to 3 years (81.8%), mainly in unvaccinated children (95.5%), and typically takes a moderate-severe form (95.4%). Strenosing laryngotracheitis and obstructive bronchitis are among the specific measles complications.
EMERGENCY CONDITIONS IN CHILDREN
17-22 868
Abstract
Mortality of congenital malformation is the 2nd most widespread cause of death among newborns. Mortality reduction is the priority aim of practical healthcare in our country. Early detection and rational therapy whereupon a child is born to a large extent determine a favorable outcome of surgical treatment and prognosis in whole. The article gives a description of the most frequent congenital malformations and an algorithm of managing newborns with this pathology on the maternity hospital stage.
REVIEW
A. A. Baranov,
O. A. Klochkova,
A. L. Kurenkov,
L. S. Namazova-Baranova,
S. S. Nikitin,
A. R. Artemenko,
A. M. Mamedyarov
24-32 949
Abstract
Cerebral infantile paralysis (CIP) is the main neurologic reason of children's disability all over the world. A competent choice of time and methods of rehabilitation allows social adaptation of children with this pathology and improves their motor and mental development prognosis. The article gives modern data on the neuronal plasticity, spare capacities of the developing brain, pathophysiological aspects of restoration and compensation of damaged structures of central nervous system. The emphasis is put on the consideration of neuroplasticity mechanisms from the point of view of their clinical relevance and role in the formation of pathological and compensatory patterns of movement and perception at CIP. Variants of restoration of motor and sensory functions in upper extremities of children with CIP based on the time and topics of brain damage are analyzed in detail. Approaches to pathogenetically grounded choice of methods and time of rehabilitation are discussed on the basis of the given data on spare capabilities of children's nervous system with the emphasis on restoration of upper extremities' function as one of the most complicated, although prospective, aspects of CIP treatment.
34-39 2350
Abstract
The article is devoted to enterosorbents — one of the most widely used groups of drugs in pediatric practice. Under consideration are the mechanisms of medical action of these drugs and their classification. The article shows that the principal characteristics of enterosorbents are the values of sorption capacity and their active surface. Following the evidence-based medicine data, the authors put emphasis on the natural and safe composition of drugs and also recommend the prescription of enterosorption therapy in whole and various drugs of the group in particular in order to prevent the digestive system diseases and metabolic disorders.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
A. A. Baranov,
I. V. Davydova,
T. V. Turti,
L. S. Namazova-Baranova,
V. V. Altunin,
E. P. Zimina,
E. V. Pavlyukova
48-52 667
Abstract
Children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia belong to the risk group of severe respiratory-syncytial viral infection (RSV). World experience and authors' own clinical data show that seasonal immunoprophylaxis of RSV infection's severe course by palivizumab in these patients allows reducing frequency of hospitalizations, CPR conduct and fatal outcomes. The article gives data of clinical instrumental evaluation of efficacy and safety of palivizumab use in the 3 past and the 4th (current) epidemic seasons.
54-60 788
Abstract
The study was based on the examination of 100 children (71 boy and 29 girls) aged 3–18 years with bronchial asthma in remission. The routine allergological examination was followed up by the immunohistochemical test of deep pharyngeal mucosal cells samples scraped to verify the Chlamydia pneumoniae, Cytomegalovirus hominis, HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV as well as by the bacterioscopic examination of pharyngeal causative and opportunistic pathogens. The immunological examination included evaluation of lymphocyte subpopulation (CD 3+, CD3+CD(16+56+)+ TNK cells, T helpers (CD3+CD4+), double-positive cells (CD4+CD8+), CD3-CD(16+56)+NK cells by means of flow cytometry. Measurements of spontaneous and induced cytokine production (IFN α, IFN γ, IL 4) were taken using the immune assay. The level of specific antibodies (Ig M, Ig G) to the relevant infectious agents in the serum was measured as well. These examinations demonstrated that children with bronchial asthma and latent infection of the upper respiratory tract have higher rates of bronchial hyperreactivity (86%) as well as more frequent (74,7%) uncontrolled or partially controlled course of asthma. According to the examination results, in children with broncial asthma and latent infection of the upper respiratory tract α-interferon induction is oppressed (74,7%), the IL4 in the serum is increased along with a shift of the immune response towards Th2, cytotoxic response is increased, TNK cells are increased (75,5%) with simultaneous decrease of NK cells.
AN EDITORIAL ARTICLE
DEBATABLE ISSUES OF PHARMACOTHERAPY
40-47 692
Abstract
The safe use of drugs during pregnancy is essential to optimize the health of both pregnant woman and her future child. At the same time obstetrician-gynecologists often face the lack of evidence-based information on the use of drugs and leave the issue to the woman herself — whether the treatment benefit to the mother outweighs risks to the unborn child — relying on the limited amount of scientific data. Preconception discussion of actual risks and safe treatment reduces patient fears and maximizes the emphasis on the therapy safety. At the same time, the lack of adequate information on safety for the majority of drugs used by pregnant women combined with the need to make appropriate treatment decisions and communicate drug risk information to a potentially vulnerable population is the most challenging and critical issue of pregnant women's health.
RARE DISEASES
61-70 3428
Abstract
Niemann–Pick disease, type C (NP-C), is a rare hereditary neurovisceral disease caused by mutations in either the NPC1 gene (in 95% of cases) or the NPC2 gene (ca. 5% of cases) which lead to the intracellular lipid transport malfunction and accumulation of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in brain and other tissues. Characteristic neurological manifestations of NP-C include saccadic eye movement abnormalities or vertical supranuclear gaze palsy, cerebellar manifestations (ataxia, dystonia/dysmetria, dysarthria and dysphagia) and gelastic cataplexy. Epileptic seizures are common in affected patients. The onset of neurological and psychiatric symptoms is considered to occur in childhood, although at present the disease is diagnosed in adulthood in an increasing number of cases due to its late onset. Categorization of patients according to the age at onset of neurological manifestations (antenatal/perinatal, infantile, late infantile, juvenile and adolescent/adult onset) may be useful for the evaluation of disease course and treatment response. The first international guidelines for the clinical management of NP-C in children and adults were published in 2009. Since then a significant amount of data on epidemiology, detection/diagnosis, and treatment of NP-C has been acquired. This publication gives the shared vision of experts in diagnosis and treatment of NP-C elaborated in the course of the regular conference in Paris (France) in September 2011. This article gives updates to the original guidelines, supplements to detection, diagnostics, potentially new methods of the disease progression monitoring and also to the reevaluation of goals of the specific therapy using miglustat.
СOGNITIVE HEALTH AND IDENTITY OF THE CHILD
O. I. Maslova,
A. A. Baranov,
L. S. Namazova-Baranova,
G. A. Karkashadze,
A. M. Mamedyarov,
M. L. Lazarev,
O. I. Muradova,
T. A. Konstantinidi,
A. V. Anikin,
L. M. Kuzenkova,
S. B. Lazurenko,
S. A. Nemkova,
A. G. Ilyin
72--78 839
Abstract
The article gives scientific data on the development of cognitive brain functions in children in relation to their clinical significance and application: variants and regularities of development in normal state, pathology and at their boundary; pathological development of cognitive performance; origination and transformation of main symptoms and syndromes of cognitive disorders. Prospective and applied in the Center scientific approaches to diagnostics and treatment of cognitive disorders taking into consideration their development in age dynamics are given in detail. A complex of measures on the improvement of cognitive health in children and adolescents in the Russian Federation is suggested on the analysis results.
MEDICAL AND PSYCHO-PEDAGOGICAL CARE FOR CHILDREN
80-84 1366
Abstract
The article discloses regularities of normal and pathological variant of mental development of children in early and preschool age. Indices and symptoms of deviant development are given — landmarks for rendering timely correctional pedagogic care to a child, to coin a phrase; information on organizational forms of correctional developmental education and upbringing of children with cognitive development disorder (mental retardation) in the modern system of education is given. The article is addressed to pediatricians and pediatric neurologists responsible for the development control and organization of medical rehabilitation of children with organic lesion of central nervous system.
For Pediatricians' Practice
A MUCOLYTIC WITH ANTIINFLAMMATORY QUALITIES FOR CHILDREN SUFFERED FROM CYSTIC FIBROSIS: DORNASE ALFA
85-90 1046
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of airways always takes place in case of cystic fibrosis. Being a powerful mucolytic, dornase alfa also has antiinflammatory and antibacterial qualities. The article gives the authors' own data on the study of the dornase alfa anti-inflammatory action acquired by the assessment of the proteolysis-antiproteolysis system indicators. It is reasonable to prescribe the drug immediately after establishing diagnosis with preventive and medical purposes and in case of complications (e. g., in case of the chronic polypous pansinusitis development). It is necessary to abide by the standards of its application along with kinesitherapy in order to achieve a full-scale medical effect. Strict compliance with the instructions on how to conduct the drug part of baseline therapy in case of cystic fibrosis is an essential condition of patients' stability and improvement in quality of their life which favor active psychological and social adaptation.
92-64 986
Abstract
The article is dedicated to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are found in several marine and plant oils. The author emphasizes that, being irreplaceable, these fatty acids should enter the body with food. Omega-3 regulate lipid exchange, balance functions of immune, nervous and cardiovascular systems, provide generation of prostaglandins, reduce thrombocyte aggregation, are a structural substance of brain and retina. In case of insufficient consumption of food containing omega-3, their dotation in the form of drugs is necessary. The importance of these compounds for maturation and correct functioning of vital systems both in unborn and newborn children is particularly noted.
95-98 766
Abstract
The prevention of frequent respiratory infections in children is one of the urgent issues of modern pediatrics. At present the range of non-drug technologies of prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children has considerably increased due to the appearance of new effective methods of physical rehabilitation. The article gives a literary review of the main methods of drug prevention of frequent ARI in childhood applied in practical healthcare on the modern stage.
100-104 907
Abstract
The article examines one of the most urgent issues of practical pediatrics — use of non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs in children. It gives coverage of efficacy and safety issues of various forms of non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs, topical forms in particular.
105-109 695
Abstract
Phytotherapy holds a special place in the treatment of acute respiratory infections in pediatric practice. The article gives causes and mechanisms of cough in children and possibilities of its therapy using vegetable drugs. A multipurpose action of a vegetable drug on all links of cough pathogenesis in children is represented: sputum expectoration facilitation, bronchial drainage function improvement and antimicrobial effect, which is an essential part of treatment. A compatibility of vegetable drugs with other drugs for treating respiratory pathology is noted.
110-112 1086
Abstract
Use of the latest blood analyzers with a capacity of differentiated determination of reticulocyte and erythrocyte blood indices in modern diagnostic service is an important addition to detection of anemia syndrome. Generally used standard blood indices in form of a number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin level do not reflect pathophysiological changes leading to anemia development. Flow cytometry methods in modern blood analyzers favor a better evaluation of erythropoiesis by determining several reticulocyte parameters. These studies are important for detection of anemia, especially of anemia of chronic disease. As different mechanisms of pathological iron metabolism changes — deficiency, accessibility and reutilization derangement — may be observed at anemia syndrome, it is necessary to additionally determine the level of inflammatory markers in blood serum in order to choose a correct treatment tactics.
MATERIALS OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Page for pediatric nurse
122-126 3308
Abstract
Much work aimed at the development and health improvement of children is now being done at all levels of children's healthcare and education. One of the essential organizational issues in solving this problem is the provision of interconnection between specialists, children and parents. A modern nurse may play a system administrator role managing processes of continuous monitoring of child's development and health improvement on all children's ontogenesis stages starting from prenatal age.
ISSN 1727-5776 (Print)
ISSN 2500-3089 (Online)
ISSN 2500-3089 (Online)
