The article presents the results of a historical and medical study reflecting the problems of child food during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The purpose of the study is to conduct an objective analysis of the situation related to the shortage of child food in the most difficult period of the history of our country and give an impartial assessment of the state measures taken to solve the problems that have arisen. An analysis of archival and literary sources indicates that providing children with food during the war was one of the most difficult tasks of high-priority importance. Deprived of vital nutrients and vitamins that guarantee normal growth and development processes, children of war suffered from hypotrophy, hypovitaminosis, rickets, they had а physical and psychomotor retardation, a decrease of the body resistance. Despite the extraordinary circumstances, a set of state measures was implemented to ensure the need of the child’s body for the necessary vital nutrients and vitamins. However, some territories had difficulties of an objective and organizational nature with the supply of food to children. To save the lives of young children, their normal physical and psychomotor development, reduce morbidity and mortality, scientists conducted research in order to obtain alternative food sources rich in proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins that replace children’s foods that were scarce during the war.

Background. Changes in microbiocenosis during critical periods of ontogenesis are of particular importance, as they create prerequisites for the formation of delayed pathology. However, in infants with allergies, the association of changes in the intestinal microbiota with certain allergens has not been sufficiently studied.

The aim of the study is the determination the composition features of the intestinal microbiota in young children with IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated food allergies.

Methods. In infants 6–12 months old with food allergy symptoms, the composition of the intestinal microbiota was studied (culture method), the presence of IgE was determined by chemiluminescence immunoassay, and the levels of sensitization were studied by the ImmunoCAP ISAC method. The data obtained has been subjected to correlation analysis.

Results. There were 56 full-term infants with allergy symptoms, of whom 15 (27%) were born by caesarean section, 12 (21%) received antibiotics in the perinatal period, and 30 (54%) stopped exclusive breastfeeding early. When assessing the intestinal microbiota, a decrease in symbiont levels was noted in 32 (57%) patients. An increased content of Klebsiella spp. was revealed — in 21 (38%), Clostridium spp. — 5 (9%) have Enterobacter spp. — in 5 (9%), Escherichia coli lactose-negative — in 11 (20%), Citrobacter spp. — in 4 (7%), Escherichia coli hemolytic — in 7 (13%). According to the results of immunological studies, patients were divided into 2 subgroups: with IgE-mediated (n = 10) and non-IgE-mediated food allergies (n = 46). In patients with IgE-mediated allergy, significant positive associations were found: SiGe to alpha-lactalbumin and casein (Bos d4, Bos d8), lysozyme (Gal d4) with hemolytic Escherichia coli content (R = 0.31; 0.35; 0.37); SiGe to casein (Bos d8), lysozyme (Gal d4) containing Clostridium spp. (R = 0.30; 0.32).

Conclusion. The interrelationships of IgE-mediated sensitization to food allergens and the composition of the intestinal microbiota are the basis for the development of methods for individualized correction of the allergic phenotype.

Rett syndrome is a rare hereditary disease that is one of the most common causes of intellectual disability in girls. The disease manifests itself in 6–18 months of life. Common symptoms of Rett syndrome include progressive mental and speech development delay, regression of previously acquired speech and motor skills, respiratory disorders, epilepsy, pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine, cardiovascular and urinary systems, which significantly impairs the vital functions of patients. Many children with this disease receive preventive vaccinations behind schedule or are not vaccinated at all, which is due to both refusals from parents and unjustified medical challenges from specialized specialists. The article presents a case report of a 5-year-old girl with Rett syndrome who was vaccinated later than the date indicated in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations of the Russian Federation and did not have all the necessary preventive vaccinations for her age. By contacting the Pediatrics and Child Health Research Institute in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery the patient was examined by specialist specialists and referred to the Department of vaccine prevention. A serological study of the intensity of immunity to vaccine-controlled infections was conducted before and after the course of vaccinations, and an individual vaccination plan was drawn up. The department carried out immunization against chickenpox, pneumococcal and meningococcal infections, revaccination against polio, as well as vaccination against hepatitis A. In the future, a vaccination plan was drawn up for preventive vaccinations at the place of residence, and immunization of the entourage was recommended.

Background. Congenital syphilis is an intrauterine infection characterized by multiple organ damage with severe consequences leading to disability. Transmission of infection from mother to fetus can occur in utero through the placenta or during childbirth through direct contact with the infected birth canal of the mother. Early congenital syphilis in children under 2 years of age can occur in a latent form without clinical signs with positive serological reactions and in a manifest form with variable clinical symptoms. For the prevention of congenital syphilis, it is extremely important to screen pregnant women for the presence of the causative agent of the disease, as well as timely and full-fledged treatment of expectant mothers in case of positive results, which in most cases avoids infection of the fetus.

Case Report. In the presented case report, a premature baby was born to a woman with untreated syphilis, confirmed serologically by a blood test at late pregnancy. From birth, the child showed signs of intrauterine infection with predominant liver damage. Pneumonia was diagnosed on the 7th day of life. X-ray examination of the tubular bones revealed signs of osteochondritis. Serological diagnostics revealed positive test results for syphilis and mycoplasmosis. The child received complex therapy (etiotropic, pathogenetic, symptomatic), against which positive dynamics was noted.

Conclusion. In the described case report, infection of the fetus with Treponema pallidum and the manifestation of early congenital syphilis in the neonatal period in an active clinical form is probably due to the lack of preventive treatment of the mother during pregnancy. The presented data confirm the importance of the prevention of congenital syphilis, which should consist in the timely detection and treatment of the disease in expectant mothers.

Background. The article presents a rare case report of sex development disorder (DSDs, 46-XX-male), demonstrating the need for timely diagnosis, conservative and surgical treatment, and emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Due to the low frequency of occurrence of this pathology at an early age, the description of a new case is of undoubted interest and scientific and practical significance.

Case Repot. A case report of a 12-year-old female patient diagnosed with 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development is presented. The stages of the diagnostic search, treatment methods depending on age, course of the disease, and response to therapy are described.

Conclusion. Patients diagnosed with disorders of sex development are recommended to be constantly monitored by doctors in order to prescribe and correct conservative therapy, resolve issues about surgical treatment methods, improve the quality of life and implement reproductive function.