An assessment of pneumococcal infection immunization efficacy for 108 children 1-4 years of age using conjugated 7-valent vaccine has been conducted. Comparative analysis of the upper airways’ infections morbidity rate in children vaccinated and not vaccinated against pneumococcal infection is given. Prospective 1-year observation of children indicated high vaccinal prevention efficacy: multiplicity of acute respiratory diseases in children, including the period of adaptation to children’s preschool educational institutions, disease duration and number of disease cases requiring antibacterial therapy reduced considerably, the frequency of acute otitis media and the number of acute otitis media relapses in children also reduced.

HPV is the most widespread sexually transmitted infection. HPV affects men and women regardless of age and leads to the development of various anogenital area diseases. International studies proved a wide clinical range of the tetravalent HPV vaccine protection and allowed recommending it for the prevention of not only cervical cancer, but also of vulvar, vaginal and anal cancer and anogenital condylomae in patients of both sexes. 42 countries have already introduced national HPV-vaccination programs in compliance with WHO recommendations. Anogenital area cancer morbidity reduction in these countries is expected in 10-15 years. However, a reduction or even complete disappearance of anogenital condylomae among the population has already been noted in a range of countries because the incubation period of this disease is short; this is the first marker of vaccination efficacy in a population.

A problem of timely diagnostics and management tactics of acute non-specific mesenteric lymphadenitis in children has not been settled yet, as there is no common opinion of its etiology and pathogenesis. This disease is of practical interest for pediatricians and pediatric surgeons, as the acute mesenteric lymphadenitis’s clinical presentation gives an “acute abdomen” symptomatic complex; this determines its importance in differential diagnosis with acute appendicitis. The article gives a literature review on this issue.

The article gives data on the structure and function of immunoglobulins. Given the multitude of mechanisms of their action, indications to their use are constantly expanding. At present, immunoglobulins are used as replacement and immunomodulatory therapy of multidirectional action (stimulation/suppression). Mechanisms of action and points of immunoglobulin intravenous application in clinical practice are covered on the basis of literary data. Advantages of the domestic drug for intravenous application are shown.

The results of the first Russian study of toilet habits formation in children have been obtained. The article was planned to be published in 2 subsequent parts due to the extensiveness of the material. This article is the 2^nd part*. It presents and comments on the remaining part of results in the form of the connection between main parameters and characteristics of toilet habits training processes and physiological, psychological and social factors; it also presents the discussion and conclusions. Comparative data (with foreign studies) is given. A multitude of both physiological and social factors affect the process of children’s toilet habits training. The following physiological factors have been revealed: stool frequency, physiological involuntary night urination, peculiarities of falling asleep and pernicious habits – processes, which reflect the intestinal motility regulation and defecation states, urination control and neuropsychic activity. The selected training strategy and tactics, style of communication with a child also affect the training process. The most influential family-social factors in terms of toilet habits training processes are: two- or one-parent family, mother’s education and twins in the family.

The article is dedicated to one of the rare primary immunodeficiency pathologies – hyper-IgE-syndrome. The authors present a clinical case from their own practice and a literature review on this disease. Inheritance, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and hyper-IgE-syndrome diagnostics issues are also examined in the article. The article shows differences of disease course at different inheritance types – autosomal-dominant and autosomal-recessive.

The article is concerned with rehabilitation issues of children with severe traumatic brain injury (STBI). It gives the results of the study which was aimed at analyzing the psychophysical health restoration dynamics in children with STBI and determining the pedagogic typology of deviant development at traumatic brain injury in order to devise a training-organizational work plan for children being on the stages of complex rehabilitation.

The article is dedicated to the use of immunomodulators in children, conditions, at which the prescription of this group of drugs is reasonable, action mechanism and also efficacy are given. In particular, the authors give their observation results for a group of HPV-infected children vaccinated by live vaccines (rubella and divalent measles-parotitis vaccine) together with pidotimod usage. No undesirable phenomena were registered in the postvaccinal period. Dynamics of immunological indicators did not change significantly. Seroconversion level of measles antibodies totaled 100% by the 30^th observation day.

Cough in children is an urgent problem not only due to its high frequency and non-specificity, but also because of a multitude of drugs available for treating it. In most cases, cough therapy is aimed at improving bronchial drainage function and facilitating sputum discharge. Expectorative and mucolytic drugs are most often used for this purpose. Phytogenic expectorative drugs are widely used in pediatric practice due to their efficacy and safety of use in children.

Gastrointestinal tract malfunctions, food allergy, intestinal microbiocenosis disorder, disaccharide insufficiency, celiac disease and several other causes lead to an increased gas-formation, overdistension of intestinal loops and abdominal pains in 0-1-year-old children. The crucial task of flatulence elimination is the correction of causes of its occurrence. Frequent intestinal spasm episodes in infants reduce the quality of life of them and their families in general and are also associated with the subsequent child’s physical and mental maldevelopments. Simethicone-based suspension (in the form of antifoaming agent) helps to cope with the issue; it has carminative properties; this allows to reduce the amount of gases in the intestinal lumen, thus terminating pain symptoms.

High morbidity rate, frequent development of severe complication forms, unfavorable remote effects for children’s health, insufficient efficacy of the used acute respiratory infection therapy schemes necessitate a treatment program improvement for this group of diseases. A complex clinical-laboratory examination of 72 3-6-year-old children with acute nasopharyngites and bronchites was conducted. Dependence of the disease’s clinical form and course peculiarities from the premorbid setting state and immune status changes’ intensity has been found. It has been established that the introduction of inosine pranobex in the complex treatment of acute respiratory infections in children favors rapid positive dynamics of clinical symptomatology and immune status parameters and is not accompanied by the development of side effects. Thus, high efficacy and safety of inosine pranobex’s use allow to recommend introducing this drug into the treatment program for children of 3 years of age and older with acute respiratory infections regardless of the disease form and immune status state.

The article presents the most significant steps in the development of ideas about drugs’ effects on fetus. It features the thalidomide tragedy and features of thalidomide teratogenic properties, as well as data on thalidomide syndrome prevention relevance in the 21^st century. The article covers teratogenesis principles and gives information about the discovery of teratogenic properties and their manifestation in several other major teratogens: retinoids, carbamazepine, valproic acid, diethylstilbestrol.