“Celiac Disease-2025”: Project of Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Celiac Disease in Children
https://doi.org/10.15690/pf.v22i4.2941
Abstract
The authors present current data on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations of celiac disease in children of different ages, associated diseases, laboratory and instrumental diagnostics, diet therapy, additional treatment methods, vaccination, and follow-up of children with celiac disease based on the developed clinical guidelines “Celiac Disease. Children”.
About the Authors
Nataliya A. AverkinaRussian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Aleksander A. Baranov
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Sergey V. Bel’mer
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Tatiyana T. Boraeva
Russian Federation
Vladikavkaz
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Tatiyana A. Borovik
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Tatiyana V. Bushueva
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Elena A. Vishneva
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Aleksander V. Gorelov
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Olga S. Gundobina
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Margarita M. Gurova
Russian Federation
Saint Petersburg; Belgorod
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Yuliya A. Dmitrieva
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Irina N. Zakharova
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Nataliya G. Zvonkova
Russian Federation
Moscow; Vladikavkaz
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Aleksander A. Zvyagin
Russian Federation
Voronezh
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Nurali Z. Zokirov
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Elena V. Kaytukova
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Leonid Ya. Klimov
Russian Federation
Stavropol
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Elena V. Komarova
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Elena A. Kornienko
Russian Federation
Saint Petersburg
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Elena I. Kondratieva
Russian Federation
Moscow; Khimki
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Viktoria A. Kuryaninova
Russian Federation
Stavropol
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Sergey I. Kutsev
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Maxim M. Lokhmatov
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Elena V. Loshkova
Russian Federation
Moscow; Tomsk
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Andrew V. Nalyotov
Russian Federation
Donetsk
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Leyla S. Namazova-Baranova
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Valeriya P. Novikova
Russian Federation
Saint Petersburg
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Niso D. Odinaeva
Russian Federation
Khimki
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Mariya M. Platonova
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Aleksander S. Potapov
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Mariya O. Revnova
Russian Federation
Saint Petersburg
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Irena E. Romanovskaya
Russian Federation
Saint Petersburg
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Elena A. Roslavtseva
Russian Federation
Vladikavkaz
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Liliya R. Selimzyanova
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Irina V. Sichinava
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Vera A. Skvortsova
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Andrey N. Surkov
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Rustem F. Tepaev
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Andrey P. Fisenko
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Anatoly I. Khavkin
Russian Federation
Khimki; Belgorod
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Ekaterina A. Yablokova
Russian Federation
Moscow; Khimki
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Galina N. Yankina
Russian Federation
Tomsk
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
Kamilla E. Efendieva
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared.
References
1. Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabo IR, et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Guidelines for the Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54(1):136–160. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0
2. Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó I, et al. European Society Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Guidelines for Diagnosing Coeliac Disease 2020. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;70(1):141–156. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002497
3. Parfenov AI, Maev IV, Baranov AA, et al. The Russian consensus on diagnosis and treatment of coeliac disease in children and adults. Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2016;44(6):661–668. (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2016-44-6-661-688
4. Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al. European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders. United European Gastroenterol J. 2019;7(5):583–613. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640619844125
5. Glissen Brown JR, Singh P. Coeliac disease. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2019;39(1):23–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/20469047.2018.1504431
6. Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Semrad C, et al. American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines Update: Diagnosis and Management of Celiac Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(1):59–76. doi: https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000002075
7. Stanciu D, Staykov H, Dragomanova S, et al. Gluten unraveled: latest insights on terminology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, dietary strategies, and intestinal microbiota modulations — a decade in review. Nutrients. 2024;16(21):3636. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213636
8. Shan L, Molberg O, Parrot I, et al. Structural basis for gluten intolerance in celiac sprue. Science. 2002;297(5590):2275–2279. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1074129
9. Greco L, Romino R, Coto I, et al. The first large population based twin study of coeliac disease. Gut. 2002;50(5):624–648. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.50.5.624
10. Wolters VM, Wijmenga C. Genetic background of celiac disease and its clinical implications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(1):190– 195. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01471.x
11. Green PH, Jabri B. Coeliac disease.Lancet.2003;362(9381):383– 391. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14027-5
12. Roslavtseva EA, Dmitrieva YuA, Zakharova IN, et al. Celiac Disease in Children: Draft Clinical Guidelines. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2021;188(4):199–227. (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-188-4-199-227
13. Singh P, Arora A, Strand TA, et al. Global prevalence of celiac disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(6):823–836.e2. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2017.06.037
14. Szaflarska-Popławska A. Wait-and-see approach or gluten-gree diet. Administration -the rational management of potential coeliac disease. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):947. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030947
15. Shiha MG, Schiepatti A, Maimaris S, et al. Clinical outcomes of potential coeliac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2024;0:1–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2024-333110
16. Imrei M, Németh D, Szakács Z, et al. Increased prevalence of celiac disease in patients with cystic fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pers Med. 2021;11(9):859. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11090859
17. Klimov LYa, Stoyan MV, Kuriyaninova VA, et al. Hypertransaminasemia in Children and Adolescents with Newly Diagnosed Celiac Disease. Doctor.Ru. Gasrtoenterology. 2017;(12):18–23. (In Russ).
18. Giannotti A, Tiberio G, Castro M, et al. Coeliac disease in Williams syndrome. J Med Genet. 2001;38(11):767–768. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.38.11.767
19. Goldacre MJ, Wotton CJ, Seagroatt V, et al. Cancers and immune related diseases associated with Down’s syndrome: a record linkage study. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89(11):1014–1017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2003.046219
20. Mortensen KH, Cleemann L, Hjerrild BE, et al. Increased prevalence of autoimmunity in Turner syndrome — influence of age. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009;156(2):205–210. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03895.x
21. Werkstetter KJ, Korponay-Szabó IR, Popp A, et al. Accuracy in diagnosis of celiac disease without biopsies in clinical practice. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(4):924–935. doi: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.002
22. Magazzù G, Aquilina S, Barbara C, et al. Recognizing the emergent and submerged iceberg of the celiac disease: ITAMA Project — Global Strategy Protocol. Pediatr Rep. 2022;14(2):293–311. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14020037
23. Sahin Y. Celiac disease in children: A review of the literature. World J Clin Pediatr. 2021;10(4):53–71. doi: https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v10.i4.53
24. Korponay-Szabo IR, Dahlbom I, Laurila K, et al. Elevation of IgG antibodies against tissue transglutaminase as a diagnostic tool for coeliac disease in selective IgA deficiency. Gut. 2003;52(11):1567– 1571. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.52.11.1567
25. Volta U, Caio G, Boschetti E, et al. Seronegative celiac disease: Shedding light on an obscure clinical entity. Dig Liver Dis. 2016;48(9):1018–1022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2016.05.024
26. Shapovalova NS, Novikova VP, Revnova MO, et al. Seronegative coeliac disease in the light of the guidelines by the European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) 2019. Voprosy detskoi dietologii = Pediatric Nutrition. 2019;17(6):14–22. (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.20953/1727-5784-2019-6-14-22
27. Sheiko MA, Feinstein JA, Capocelli KE, Kramer RE. The concordance of endoscopic and histologic findings of 1000 pediatric EGDs. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;81(6):1385–1391. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2014.09.010
28. Mooney PD, Kurien M, Evans KE, et al. Clinical and immunologic features of ultra-short celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(5):1125–1134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.01.029
29. Raju SA, Greenaway EA, Schiepatti A, et al. New entity of adult ultra-short coeliac disease: the first international cohort and case-control study. Gut. 2024;73(7):1124–1130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330913
30. McCarty TR, O’Brien CR, Gremida A, et al. Efficacy of duodenal bulb biopsy for diagnosis of celiac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open. 2018;6(11):E1369–E1378. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0732-5060
31. Özakıncı H, Kırmızı A, Tural M, et al. Duodenal bulb biopsy in the diagnostic work-up of coeliac disease. Virchows Arch. 2020;477(4):507–515. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-020-02832-6
32. Marsh MN. Mucosal pathology in gluten sensitivity. In: Coeliac Disease. Marsh MN, ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992. pp. 136–191.
33. Oberhuber G, Granditsch G, Vogelsang H. The histopathology of coeliac disease: time for a standardized report scheme for pathologists. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;11(10):1185–1194. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00042737-199910000-00019
34. Villanacci V, Ciacci C, Salviato T, et al. Histopathology of celiac disease. position statements of the Italian group of gastrointestinal pathologists (GIPAD-SIAPEC). Transl Med UniSa. 2020;23:28–36. doi: https://doi.org/10.37825/2239-9747.1005
35. Das P, Gahlot GP, Singh A, et al. Quantitative histology-based classification system for assessment of the intestinal mucosal histological changes in patients with celiac disease. Intest Res. 2019;17(3):387–397. doi: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2018.00167
36. Das P, Vaiphei K, Amarapurkar AD, et al. Best practices of handling, processing, and interpretation of small intestinal biopsies for the diagnosis and management of celiac disease: A joint consensus of Indian association of pathologists and microbiologists and Indian society of gastroenterology. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2021;64(Suppl):8–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_1405_20
37. Robert ME, Crowe SE, Burgart L, et al. Statement on best practices in the use of pathology as a diagnostic tool for celiac disease: a guide for clinicians and pathologists. Am J Surg Pathol. 2018;42(9):44–58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000001107
38. Rostami K, Marsh MN, Johnson MW, et al. ROC-king onwards: intraepithelial lymphocyte counts, distribution & role in coeliac disease mucosal interpretation. Gut. 2017;66(12):2080–2086. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314297
39. Zakharova IN, Dmitrieva YuA. The syndrome of enterocolitis, induced by dietary proteins (FPIES): modern principles of diagnosis and treatment based on an analysis of the provisions of international consensus. Consilium Medicum. Pediatrics. 2018;(1):15–22. (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.26442/2413-8460_2018.1.15-22
40. Mearin ML, Agardh D, Antunes H, Al-Toma A. ESPGHAN position paper on management and follow-up of children and adolescents with celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2022;75(3):369– 386. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000003540
41. Kasatkina E, Dmitrieva Yu, Roslavtseva E, et al. Distribution of HLA-DR-DQ genotypes in Russian children with coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;66(Suppl 2):151.
42. Дмитриева Ю.А., Рославцева Е.А., Курьянинова В.А. и др. Структура HLA-DR-DQ-генотипа у детей с целиакией // Медицинский Совет. — 2020. — № 10. — С. 74–80. — doi: https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2020-10-74-80 [Dmitrieva YA, Roslavtseva EA, Kuryaninova VA, et al. Structure of the HLADR-DQ-genotype in children with coeliac disease. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2020;(10):74–80. (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2020-10-74-80]
43. Kondrat’eva EI, Yankina GN, Loshkova EV. Tseliakiya v svete sintropnykh zabolevanii i genov. In: Tseliakiya u detei. Bel’mer SV, Revnova MO, eds. 2nd edn., upd. and rev. Moscow: PH “MEDPRAKTIKA-M”; 2020. pp. 51–71. (In Russ).
44. Singh A, Kleinhenz J, Brill H, et al. A clinician’s guide to gluten challenge. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2023;77(6):698–702. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000003923
45. Bezglyutenovaya dieta. In: Klinicheskaya dietologiya detskogo vozrasta: Guide for doctors. Borovik TE, Ladodo KS. 2nd edn., upd. and rev. Moscow: Meditsinskoe informatsionnoe agentstvo; 2015. p. 256. (In Russ).
46. A bdi F, Zuberi S, Blom JJ, et al. Nutritional Considerations in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity. Nutrients. 2023;15(6):1475. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061475
47. Pinto-Sánchez MI, Causada-Calo N, Bercik P, et al. Safety of adding oats to a gluten-free diet for patients with celiac disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and observational studies. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(2):395–409.e3. doi: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.009
48. Akobeng AK, Thomas AG. Systematic review: tolerable amount of gluten for people with coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27(11):1044–1052. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03669.x
49. Codex Alimentarius Commission of FAO/WHO. Draft revised standard for foods for special dietary use for persons intolerant to gluten. Thirty-first Session. Geneva, Switzerland, 30 June – 4 July 2008. Geneva: FAO/WHO; 2008.
50. Commission Regulation (EC) No 41/2009 of 20 January 2009 concerning the composition and labelling of foodstuffs suitable for people intolerant to gluten. Official Journal of the European Union. 21.1.2009;L16:3–5. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L:2009:016:TOC. Accessed on July 24, 2025.
51. Programma optimizatsii vskarmlivaniya detei pervogo goda zhizni v Rossiiskoi Federatsii: Methodological recommendations. Federal State Autonomous Institution “National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Moscow; 2019. pp. 39–41. (In Russ).
52. AOECS position statement on drugs, hygiene products and cosmetics. March 24, 2020. Available online: https://coeliacassociationmalta.org/2020/03/24/aoecs-position-statement-on-drugshygiene-products-and-cosmetics . Accessed on July 24, 2025.
53. AOECS. Gluten Free Certification. In: Association of European Coeliac Societies (AOECS): Official website. Available online: https://www.aoecs.org/working-with-food/gluten-free-certification. Accessed on July 24, 2025.
54. Primec M, Klemenak M, Di Gioia D, et al. Clinical intervention using bifidobacterium strains in celiac disease children reveals novel microbial modulators of TNF-α and short-chain fatty acids. randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(3):1373–1381. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.06.931
55. Chibbar R, Levinus A, Dieleman LA. The gut microbiota in celiac disease and probiotics. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2375. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102375
56. Noori E, Hashemi N, Delsuz R, et al. Potential therapeutic options for celiac disease: An update on current evidence from gluten-free diet to cell therapy. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;133:112020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112020
57. Shiha MG, Sanders DS. What is new in the management of coeliac disease? EurJ Int Med. 2025;134:1–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2025.01.028
58. Tye-Din JA. Evolution in coeliac disease diagnosis and management. JGH Open. 2024;8(7):e13107. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jgh3.13107
59. Vriezinga SL, Auricchio R, Bravi E, et al. Randomized feeding intervention in infants at high risk for celiac disease. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(14):1304–1315. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1404172
60. Lionetti E, Castellaneta S, Francavilla R, et al. Introduction of gluten, HLA status, and the risk of celiac disease in children. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(14):1295–1303. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1400697
61. Passanisi S, Dipasquale V, Romano C. Vaccinations and Immune Response in Celiac Disease. Vaccines (Basel). 2020;8(2):278. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020278
62. Urganci N, Kalyoncu D. Response to hepatitis A and B vaccination in pediatric patients with celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;56(4):408–411. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31827af200
63. Rousseff T, Claeys T, Vande Vijver E, et al. Hepatitis B virus vaccination and revaccination response in children diagnosed with coeliac disease: a multicentre prospective study. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2019;82(1):27–30.
64. Hemming-Harlo M, Lähdeaho ML, Mäki M, Vesikari T. Rotavirus vaccination does not increase type 1 diabetes and may decrease celiac disease in children and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019;38(5):539–541. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002281
65. Methodological guidelines МУ 3.3.1.1095-02 “Medical contraindications to preventive vaccinations with preparations from the national vaccination calendar” (approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on January 9, 2002). (In Russ). Доступно по: https://base.garant.ru/4178356/?ysclid=mdg7tvt8o1536734422. Ссылка активна на 24.07.2025.
66. Methodological guidelines МУ 3.3.1.1123-02 “Monitoring of post-vaccination complications and their prevention” (approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on May 26, 2002). (In Russ). Доступно по: https://base.garant.ru/4179476/?ysclid=mdhex348kh585240893. Ссылка активна на 24.07.2025.
67. Methodological recommendations for the identification, investigation and prevention of adverse events after immunization (approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation on April 12, 2019). (In Russ). Доступно по: https://www.garant.ru/files/4/9/1299194/mr.rtf?ysclid=mdhexj26q9261465264. Ссылка активна на 24.07.2025.
68. Khavkin AI, Odinaeva ND, Nalyotov AV, et al. Celiac Disease and Eating Disorders are a Bidirectional Relationship of Diseases. Pediatricheskaya farmakologiya — Pediatric pharmacology. 2025;22(2):135–140. (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.15690/pf.v22i2.2882
69. Khavkin AI, Nalyotov AV, Pavlovskaya EV, et al. Quality of Life of Patients with Celiac Disease on Gluten-Free Diet: Narrative Review. Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii — Current Pediatrics. 2025;24(3):157–161. (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v24i3.2923
70. Khavkin AI, Odinaeva ND, Romanovskaya IE, et al. Evaluation of the nutritional quality of children with celiac disease based on the analysis of parents’ adherence to certified gluten-free products (narrative review and own data). Voprosy dietologii = Nutrition. 2025;15(2):52–60. (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.20953/2224-5448-2025-2-52-60
Review
For citations:
Averkina N.A., Baranov A.A., Bel’mer S.V., Boraeva T.T., Borovik T.A., Bushueva T.V., Vishneva E.A., Gorelov A.V., Gundobina O.S., Gurova M.M., Dmitrieva Yu.A., Zakharova I.N., Zvonkova N.G., Zvyagin A.A., Zokirov N.Z., Kaytukova E.V., Klimov L.Ya., Komarova E.V., Kornienko E.A., Kondratieva E.I., Kuryaninova V.A., Kutsev S.I., Lokhmatov M.M., Loshkova E.V., Nalyotov A.V., Namazova-Baranova L.S., Novikova V.P., Odinaeva N.D., Platonova M.M., Potapov A.S., Revnova M.O., Romanovskaya I.E., Roslavtseva E.A., Selimzyanova L.R., Sichinava I.V., Skvortsova V.A., Surkov A.N., Tepaev R.F., Fisenko A.P., Khavkin A.I., Yablokova E.A., Yankina G.N., Efendieva K.E. “Celiac Disease-2025”: Project of Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Celiac Disease in Children. Pediatric pharmacology. 2025;22(4):495-522. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15690/pf.v22i4.2941