Modern Principles of Managing Children with Food Allergies

The article presents modern data on the epidemiology, etiology and clinical manifestations of food allergies in children. Evidence-based approaches to diagnosis, including differential, treatment, and prevention of food allergies in children are shown. Patient management tactics and algorithms are presented in detail. The guidelines are based on all available up-to-date data on food allergies. The material is based on the methodological guideline for the management of patients with food allergies previously developed by expert specialists of the Union of Pediatricians of Russia in 2021.

1. Namazova-Baranova LS. Allergiya u detei: ot teorii k praktike. Moscow: The Union of Pediatricians of Russia; 2010-2011. 668 p. (In Russ).

2. Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines: diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy. 2014;69(8):1008-1025. doi: 10.1111/all.12429

3. Baranov AA, Namazova-Baranova LS, Borovik TE, et al. Pishchevaya allergiya. Baranova AA, Namazova-Baranova LS, Borovik TE, Makarova SG, eds. Moscow: Pediatr; 2013. 160 p. (Bolezni detskogo vozrasta ot A do Ya). (In Russ).

4. Prescott S, Allen KJ. Food allergy: riding the second wave of allergy epidemic. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011;22(1):156-160. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01145.x

5. Fiocchi A, Brozek J, Sch nemann H, et al. World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010:21(Suppl.21):1-125. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01068.x

6. Koletzko S, Niggemann B, Arato A, et al. Diagnostic approach and management of cow's-milk protein allergy in infants and children: ESPGHAN GI Committee practical guidelines. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;55(2):221-229. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31825c9482

7. Ford LS, Bloom KA, Nowak-W^grzyn AH, et al. Basophil reactivity, wheal size, and immunoglobulin levels distinguish degrees of cow's milk tolerance. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(1):180-186.e1-e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.06.003

8. Matricardi PM, Kleine-Tebbe J, Hoffmann HJ, et al. EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2016;27(Suppl 23):1-250. doi: 10.1111/pai.12563

9. Makarova SG, Lavrova TE, Vishnyova EA, et al. Petrovskaya Primary Prevention as an Effective Response to the Epidemic of Allergic Diseases. Pediatricheskaya farmakologi-ya — Pediatric pharmacology. 2015;12(1):67-73. (In Russ). doi: 10.15690/pf.v12i1.1249

10. Lemon-Mule H, Sampson HA, Sicherer SH, et al. Immunologic changes in children with egg allergy ingesting extensively heated egg. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(5):977-983.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.09.007

11. Ando H, Moverare R, Kondo Y et al. Utility of ovomucoid-specific IgE concentrations in predicting symptomatic egg allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(3):583-588. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.016

12. Abrams EM, Sicherer SH. Diagnosis and management of food allergy. CMAJ. 2016;188(15):1087-1093. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.160124

13. Savage JH, Kaeding AJ, Matsui EC, Wood RA. The natural history of soy allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(3):683-686. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.994

14. Mittag D, Vieths S, Vogel L, et al. Soybean allergy in patients allergic to birch pollen: clinical investigation and molecular characterization of allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(1):148-154. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.030

15. Holzhauser T, Wackermann O, Ballmer-Weber BK, et al. Soybean (Glycine max) allergy in Europe: Gly m 5 (beta-conglycinin) and Gly m 6 (glycinin) are potential diagnostic markers for severe allergic reactions to soy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(2):452-458. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.09.034

16. De Swert LF, Gadisseur R, Sjolander S, et al. Secondary soy allergy in children with birch pollen allergy may cause both chronic and acute symptoms. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2012;23(2):117-123. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01218.x

17. Hao GD, Zheng YW, Wang ZX, et al. High correlation of specific IgE sensitization between birch pollen, soy and apple allergens indicates pollen-food allergy syndrome among birch pollen allergic patients in northern China. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2016;17(5):399-404. doi: 10.1631/jzus.B1500279

18. Grabenhenrich LB, Dolle S, Moneret-Vautrin A, et al. Anaphylaxis in children and adolescents: The European Anaphylaxis Registry. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(4):1128-1137.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.11.015

19. Clark AT, Ewan PW. The development and progression of allergy to multiple nuts at different ages. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2005;16(6):507-511. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2005.00310.x

20. Scibilia J, Rossi CM, Losappio LM, et al. Favorable Prognosis of Wheat Allergy in Adults. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2019;29(2):118-123. doi: 10.18176/jiaci.0296

21. Koike Y, Yanagida N, Sato S, et al. Predictors of Persistent Wheat Allergy in Children: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2018;176(3-4):249-254. doi: 10.1159/000489337

22. Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Wood RA, Nadeau KC, et al. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of vital wheat gluten oral immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143(2):651-661.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.041

23. Davis CM, Gupta RS, Aktas ON, et al. Clinical Management of Seafood Allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(1):37-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.10.019

24. Simon RA. Allergic and asthmatic reactions to food additives. Sicherer SH, Feldweg AM, eds. UpToDate. July 21, 2019. Available online: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/allergic-and-asthmat-ic-reactions-to-food-additives. Accessed on February 14, 2021.

25. Esmaeilzedeh H, Esmaeilzadeh E, Faramarzi M, et al. Salicylate Food Intolerance and Aspirin Hypersensitivity in Nasal Polyposis. Iran J Immunol. 2017;14(1):81-88.

26. Venter C, Patil V, Grundy J, et al. Prevalence and cumulative incidence of food hyper-sensitivity in the first 10 years of life. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2016:27(5):452-458. doi: 10.1111/pai.12564

27. Wieser H, Koehler P, Scherf KA. The Two Faces of Wheat. Front Nutr. 2020;7:517313. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.517313

28. Vahedi K, Mascart F, Mary JY, et al. Reliability of antitransglutaminase antibodies as predictors of gluten-free diet compliance in adult celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(5):1079-1087. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07284.x

29. Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al. European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders. United European Gastroenterol J. 2019;7(5):583-613. doi: 10.1177/2050640619844125

30. Kim YH, Kim YS, Park Y, et al. Investigation of Basophil Activation Test for Diagnosing Milk and Egg Allergy in Younger Children. J Clin Med. 2020;9(12):3942. doi: 10.3390/jcm9123942

31. Duan L, Celik A, Hoang JA, et al. Basophil activation test shows high accuracy in the diagnosis of peanut and tree nut allergy: The Markers of Nut Allergy Study. Allergy. 2020. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1111/all.14695

32. Santos AF, Bergmann M, Brough HA, et al. Basophil Activation Test Reduces Oral Food Challenges to Nuts and Sesame. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021:9(5):2016-2027.е6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.039

33. Berni Canani R, Pezzella V, Amoroso A, et al. Diagnosing and Treating Intolerance to Carbohydrates in Children. Nutrients. 2016;8(3):157. doi: 10.3390/nu8030157

34. Tomczonek-Morus J, Wojtasik A, Zeman K, et al. 13910C>T and 22018G>A LCT gene polymorphisms in diagnosing hypolactasia in children. United European Gastroenterol J. 2019;7(2):210-216. doi: 10.1177/2050640618814136

35. Deev IA, Petrovskaya MI, Namazova-Baranova LS, et al. sIgG4 and other tolerance predictors at food allergy in early age children. Pediatricheskaya farmakologiya — Pediatric pharmacology. 2015;12(3):283-289. (In Russ). doi: 10.15690/pf.v12i3.1352

36. Hahn J, Hoess A, Friedrich DT, et al. Unnecessary abdominal interventions in patients with hereditary angioedema. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2018;16(12):1443-1449. doi: 10.1111/ddg.13698

37. Hirano I, Furuta GT. Approaches and Challenges to Management of Pediatric and Adult Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(4):840-851. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.09.052

38. Soares-Weiser K, Takwoingi Y Panesar SS, et al. The diagnosis of food allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2014;69(1):76-86. doi: 10.1111/all.12333

39. Sicherer SH, Wood RA, Vickery BP, et al. Impact of Allergic Reactions on Food-Specific IgE Concentrations and Skin Test Results. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4(2):239-245.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.11.015

40. Sato S, Yanagida N, Ebisawa M. How to diagnose food allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;18(3):214-221. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000441

41. Cuomo B, Indirli GC, Bianchi A, et al. Specific IgE and skin prick tests to diagnose allergy to fresh and baked cow's milk according to age: a systematic review. Ital J Pediatr. 2017;43(1):93. doi: 10.1186/s13052-017-0410-8

42. Tian M, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Cui Y. Der p 1 and Der p 2 specific immunoglobulin E measurement for diagnosis of Dermatophagoides pteron-yssinus allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2017;38(5):333-342. doi: 10.2500/aap.2017.38.4073

43. Nevis IF, Binkley K, Kabali C. Diagnostic accuracy of skin-prick testing for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2016;12:20. doi: 10.1186/s13223-016-0126-0

44. Liu Y Peng J, Zhou Y, Cui Y. Comparison of atopy patch testing to skin prick testing for diagnosing mite-induced atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017;7:41. doi: 10.1186/s13601-017-0178-3

45. Molina-Infante J, Arias A, Alcedo J, et al. Step-up empiric elimination diet for pediatric and adult eosinophilic esophagitis: The 2-4-6 study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(4):1365-1372. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.038

46. Rajani PS, Martin H, Groetch M, Jarvinen KM. Presentation and Management of Food Allergy in Breastfed Infants and Risks of Maternal Elimination Diets. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(1):52-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.007

47. Kagalwalla AF, Wechsler JB, Amsden K, et al. Efficacy of a 4-Food Elimination Diet for Children With Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(11):1698-1707.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.05.048

48. Robey RC, Wilcock A, Bonin H, et al. Hereditary Alpha-Tryptasemia: UK Prevalence and Variability in Disease Expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(10):3549-3556. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.05.057

49. Borovik TE, Makarova SG, Bushueva TV, Sergeeva SN. Assessment of Clinical Efficacy of Extensively Hydrolyzed Casein Formula in Dietotherapy of Severe Forms of Intolerance to Cow's Milk Protein in Children. Pediatricheskaya farmakologi-ya — Pediatric pharmacology. 2012;9(1):98-103. (In Russ). doi: 10.15690/pf.v9i1.172

50. Niggemann B, von Berg A, Bollrath C, et al. Safety and efficacy of a new extensively hydrolyzed formula for infants with cow's milk protein allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19(4):348-354. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00653.x

51. Berni Canani R, Nocerino R, Terrin G, et al. Formula selection for management of children with cow's milk allergy influences the rate of acquisition of tolerance: a prospective multicenter study. J Pediatr. 2013;163(3):771-777.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.03.008

52. Canani RB, Nocerino R, Frediani T, et al. Amino Acid-based Formula in Cow's Milk Allergy: Long-term Effects on Body Growth and Protein Metabolism. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;64(4):632-638. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001337

53. Cantani A, Micera M. Immunogenicity of hydrolysate formulas in children (part 1). Analysis of 202 reactions. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000;10(5):261-276.

54. Berni Canani R, Di Costanzo M, Bedogni G, et al. Extensively hydrolyzed casein formula containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reduces the occurrence of other allergic manifestations in children with cow's milk allergy: 3-year randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(6):1906-1913.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.050

55. Dupont C, Bradatan E, Soulaines P, et al. Tolerance and growth in children with cow's milk allergy fed a thickened extensively hydrolyzed casein-based formula. BMC Pediatr. 2016;16:96. doi: 10.1186/s12887-016-0637-3

56. Klinicheskaya dietologiya detskogo vozrasta: A guide for doctors. Borovik TE, Ladodo KS, eds. 2nd ed. Moscow: MIA; 2015. 718 p. (In Russ).

57. Chandra RK. Five-year follow-up of high-risk infants with family history of allergy who were exclusively breast-fed or fed partial whey hydrolysate, soy, and conventional cow's milk formulas. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997;24(4):380-388. doi: 10.1097/00005176-199704000-00005

58. Goldsmith AJ, Koplin JJ, Lowe AJ, et al. Formula and breast feeding in infant food allergy: A population-based study. J Paediatr Child Health. 2016;52(4):377-384. doi: 10.1111/jpc.13109

59. Inuo C, Tanaka K, Nakajima Y, et al. Tolerability of partially and extensively hydrolysed milk formulas in children with cow's milk allergy. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2019;28(1):49-56. doi: 10.6133/apjcn.201903_28(1).0008

60. Halken S. Prevention of allergic disease in childhood: clinical and epidemiological aspects of primary and secondary allergy prevention. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2004;15(Suppl 16):4-5, 9-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2004.0148b.x

61. Fitzsimons R, van der Poel LA, Thornhill W, et al. Antihistamine use in children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2015;100(3):122-131. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-304446

62. Verdu E, Blanc-Brisset I, Meyer G, et al. Second-generation antihistamines: a study of poisoning in children. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2020;58(4):275-283. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1634812

63. Akdis CA, Akdis M, Bieber T, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in children and adults: European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/PRACTALL Consensus Report. Allergy. 2006;61(8):969-987. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01153.x

64. Wollenberg A, Barbarot S, Bieber T, et al. Consensus-based European guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) in adults and children: part II. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32(6):850-878. doi: 10.1111/jdv.14888

65. Patriarca G, Schiavino D, Pecora V, et al. Food allergy and food intolerance: diagnosis and treatment. Intern Emerg Med. 2009;4(1):11-24. doi: 10.1007/s11739-008-0183-6

66. Kobernick AK, Burks AW. Active treatment for food allergy. Allergol Int. 2016;65(4):388-395. doi: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.08.002

67. Pacor ML, Di Lorenzo G, Corrocher R. Efficacy of leukotriene receptor antagonist in chronic urticaria. A double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of treatment with montelukast and cetirizine in patients with chronic urticaria with intolerance to food additive and/ or acetylsalicylic acid. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31(10):1607-1614. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01189.x

68. Simons FE. Prevention of acute urticaria in young children with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(4):703-706. doi: 10.1067/mai.2001.113866

69. Sarinho E, Lins MDGM. Severe forms of food allergy. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2017;93(Suppl 1):53-59. doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2017.06.021

70. Clausen SS, Stahlman SL. Food-allergy anaphylaxis and epinephrine autoinjector prescriptionfills, active component service members, U.S. Armed Forces, 2007-2016. MSMR. 2018;25(7):23-29.

71. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2020. Available online: www.ginasth-ma.org/gina-reports. Accessed on February 14, 2021.

72. Wollenberg A, Barbarot S, Bieber T, et al. Consensus-based European guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) in adults and children: part I. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32(5):657-682. doi: 10.1111/jdv.14891

73. Businco L, Benincori N, Nini G, et al. Double-blind crossover trial with oral sodium cromoglycate in children with atopic dermatitis due to food allergy. Ann Allergy. 1986;57(6):433-438.

74. Zur E, Kaczmarski M, Nowowiejska B. The effectiveness of oral sodium cromoglycate in the treatment of food allergy in children. Przeglad Pediatryczny. 2002;32:300-307.

75. Gerrard JW. Oral cromoglycate: its value in the treatment of adverse reactions to foods. Ann Allergy. 1979;42(3):135-138.

76. Spira C, Andre C. Food allergy. Results of a multicenter study. Allerg Immunol (Paris). 1988;20(4):147-151.

77. Ortolani C, Pastorello E, Zanussi C. Prophylaxis of adverse reactions to foods. A double-blind study of oral sodium cromoglycate for the prophylaxis of adverse reactions to foods and additives. Ann Allergy. 1983;50(2):105-109.

78. Ellul-Micallef R. Effect of oral sodium cromoglycate and ketotifen in fish-induced bronchial asthma. Thorax. 1983;38(7):527-530. doi: 10.1136/thx.38.7.527

79. Lee TH, Chan JKC, Lau PC, et al. Peanut allergy and oral immunotherapy. Hong Kong Med J. 2019;25(3):228-234. doi: 10.12809/hkmj187743

80. Nurmatov U, Dhami S, Arasi S, et al. Allergen immunotherapy for IgE-mediated food allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2017;72(8):1133-1147. doi: 10.1111/all.13124

81. Wood RA. Oral Immunotherapy for Food Allergy. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2017;27(3):151-159. doi: 10.18176/jiaci.0143

82. Ebisawa M, Ito K, Fujisawa T, et al. Japanese guidelines for food allergy 2020. Allergol Int. 2020;69(3):370-386. doi: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.03.004

83. Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Evid Based Child Health. 2014;9(2):447-483. doi: 10.1002/ebch.1972

84. Greer FR, Sicherer SH, Burks AW, et al. The Effects of Early Nutritional Interventions on the Development of Atopic Disease in Infants and Children: The Role of Maternal Dietary Restriction, Breastfeeding, Hydrolyzed Formulas, and Timing of Introduction of Allergenic Complementary Foods. Pediatrics. 2019;143(4):e20190281. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-0281

85. Boyle RJ, Ierodiakonou D, Khan T, et al. Hydrolysed formula and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016;352:i974. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i974

86. Schroer B, Groetch M, Mack DP, Venter C. Practical Challenges and Considerations for Early Introduction of Potential Food Allergens for Prevention of Food Allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(1):44-56.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.10.031

87. Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy: A review and update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(1):41-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.003

88. Pabst O, Mowat AM. Oral tolerance to food protein. Mucosal Immunol. 2012;5(3):232-239. doi: 10.1038/mi.2012.4

89. Fritsche R, Pahud JJ, Pecquet S, Pfeifer A. Induction of systemic immunologic tolerance to beta-lactoglobulin by oral administration of a whey protein hydrolysate. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100(2):266-73. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70235-5

90. Koletzko S. Hydrolysed formula and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016;352:i974. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i974

91. EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2014. Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae. EFSA Journal. 2014;12(7):3760. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3760

92. Sauser J, Nutten S, de Groot N, et al. Partially Hydrolyzed Whey Infant Formula: Literature Review on Effects on Growth and the Risk of Developing Atopic Dermatitis in Infants from the General Population. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2018;177(2):123-134. doi: 10.1159/000489861

93. Szajewska H, Horvath A. Meta-analysis of the evidence for a partially hydrolyzed 100% whey formula for the prevention of allergic diseases. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(2):423-437. doi: 10.1185/03007990903510317

94. Alexander DD, Cabana MD. Partially hydrolyzed 100% whey protein infant formula and reduced risk of atopic dermatitis: a metaanalysis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010;50(4):422-430. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181cea52b

95. Szajewska H, Horvath A. A partially hydrolyzed 100% whey formula and the risk of eczema and any allergy: an updated meta-analysis. World Allergy Organ J. 201726;10(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s40413-017-0158-z

96. Gappa M, Filipiak-Pittroff B, Libuda L, et al. Long-term effects of hydrolyzed formulae on atopic diseases in the GINI study. Allergy. 2020. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1111/all.14709

97. Samady W, Campbell E, Aktas ON, et al. Recommendations on Complementary Food Introduction Among Pediatric Practitioners. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(8):e2013070. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13070

98. Bischoff SC, Barbara G, Buurman W, et al. Intestinal permeability — a new target for disease preventionand therapy. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014;14:189. doi: 10.1186/s12876-014-0189-7

99. Carlier FM, Sibille Y, Pilette C. The epithelial barrier and immunoglobulin A system in allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2016;46(11):1372-1388. doi: 10.1111/cea.12830

100. Luissint AC, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Inflammation and the Intestinal Barrier: Leukocyte-Epithelial Cell Interactions, Cell Junction Remodeling, and Mucosal Repair. Gastroenterology. 2016;151(4):616-632. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.008

101. Prikhodchenko N.G. Kliniko-patogeneticheskie mekhanizmy formirovaniya allergii k belku korov'ego moloka u detei pervogo goda zhizni. [dissertation]. Vladivostok; 2020. (In Russ).

102. Patent № 2018115906 Russian Federation, IPC G01N 33/53 (2006.01). Method for assessing effectiveness of phased elimination diet therapy of gastrointestinal food allergy in children: № 2018115906: declare. 2018.04.26: publ. 2019.05.29. Shumatova TA, Prikhodchenko NG, Ni A, et al. 11 p. (In Russ). Доступно по: https://www1.fips.ru/registers-doc-view/fips_servlet?DB=RUPAT&DocNumber=2689796&TypeFile=html. Ссылка активная на 16.05.2021.