Immunization and Immunization Coverage According to National Immunization Schedule for Children Population: Cross-Sectional Multi-Centre Study

Background. Monitoring of documented vaccination is one of the indicators of the epidemiological supervision quality of preventive vaccination. It is crucial for epidemical situation prevention. Objective. The aim of the study is to estimate immunization and immunization coverage levels according to National Immunization Schedule (NIS) for children population in Russia. Methods. Immunization rates were estimated according to preventive vaccination cards (form №063/y) and children development cards (form №112/y) among children aged from 6 months to 15 years in 8 towns of Russia. Immunization was determined by the ratio of people who has fully performed all the vaccines from NIS (version of the year 2014), while immunization coverage – by the ratio people who has received at least one dose of corresponding vaccine. Results. The study has included data from 2,687 vaccinated children. The highest levels of immunization and immunization coverage were against tuberculosis (98.1% each), hepatitis B (85.9% and 96.5%), measles, mumps and rubella (84.4% and 93.9%). Immunization against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus significantly differed from their immunization coverage (60.5% and 94.9%), as well as for poliomyelitis (65.0% and 94.9%). Relatively low immunization and immunization coverage levels were observed for pneumococcal infection (27.6% and 47.1%) and influenza (5.8% and 30.5%). The increase in the immunization level with age was observed for all vaccines, except pneumococcal vaccine. Conclusion. Immunization and immunization coverage against infections included in NIS vary significantly. The highest immunization and immunization coverage levels for all age groups were revealed for tuberculosis vaccine, and the lowest — for influenza vaccine.

1. 2018 Assessment report of the Global Vaccine Action Plan. Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/IVB/18.11). Available online: https://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/SAGE_GVAP_Assessment_Report_2018_EN.pdf. Accessed on Marth 30, 2021.

2. Pandolfi F, Franza L, Todi L, et al. The Importance of Complying with Vaccination Protocols in Developed Countries: “Anti-Vax” Hysteria and the Spread of Severe Preventable Diseases. Curr Med Chem. 2018;25(42):6070–6081. doi: 10.2174/0929867325666180518072730

3. Presidential Order № 204 of May 7, 2018 “O natsional’nykh tselyakh i strategicheskikh zadachakh razvitiya Rossijskoj Federatsii na period do 2024 goda”. (In Russ). Доступно по: http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/71837200/. Ссылка активна на 01.10.2020.

4. World Health Organization: Global Health Observatory data. Causes of Child Mortality, 2017. Available online: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/childmortality. Accessed on Marth 30, 2021.

5. Rosini R, Nicchi S, Pizza M, Rappuoli R. Vaccines Against Antimicrobial Resistance. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1048. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01048

6. Bechini A, Boccalini S, Ninci A, et al. Childhood vaccination coverage in Europe: impact of different public health policies. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;18(7):693–701. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1639502

7. Kaliuzhnaia TA, Fedoseenko MV, Namazova-Baranova LS, et al. Overcoming ‘Anti-Vaccination Scepticism’: Seeking a Solution to the Situation. Pediatric pharmacology. 2018;15(2):141–148. (In Russ). doi: 10.15690/pf.v15i2.1871

8. O’Connor P, Jankovic D, Muscat M, et al. Measles and rubella elimination in the WHO Region for Europe: progress and challenges. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(8):504–510. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.01.003

9. State report “On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population in the Russian Federation in 2018”. (In Russ). Доступно по: https://www.rospotrebnadzor.ru/upload/iblock/798/gosudarstvennyy-doklad-o-sostoyanii-sanitarno-epidemiologicheskogo-blagopoluchiya-naseleniya-v-rossiyskoyfederatsii-v-2018-godu.pdf. Ссылка активна на 13.12.2020.

10. Yaqub O, Castle-Clarke S, Sevdalis N, Chataway J. Attitudes to vaccination: a critical review. Soc Sci Med. 2014;112:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.018

11. Larson HJ, de Figueiredo A, Xiahong Z, et al. The State of Vaccine Confidence 2016: Global Insights Through a 67-Country Survey. EBioMedicine. 2016;12:295–301. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.042

12. Feldstein LR, Mariat S, Gacic-Dobo M, et al. Global Routine Vaccination Coverage, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:1252–1255. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6645a3

13. Namazova-Baranova LS, Fedoseenko MV, Baranov AA. New Horizons of National Immunization Calendar. Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii —Current Pediatrics. 2019;18(1):13– 30. (In Russ). doi: 10.15690/vsp.v18i1.1988

14. Briko NI, Brazhnikov AYu, Kiryanova EV, et al. Klinicheskaya epidemiologiya i osnovy dokazatel’noi meditsiny / Briko NI, ed. — Moscow: Remedium Volga Region Publishing House; 2019. (In Russ).

15. Briko N.I. Assessment of the quality and effectiveness of immunization. Therapist. 2012:(10):57. (In Russ).

16. Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of March 21, 2014 N 125n “Ob utverzhdenii natsional’nogo kalendarya profilakticheskikh privivok i kalendarya profilakticheskikh privivok po epidemicheskim pokazaniyam”. (In Russ). Доступно по: https://base.garant.ru/70647158. Ссылка активна на 30.03.2021.

17. World Health Organization: Immunization coverage, 15 July 2020. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/immunization-coverage. Accessed on Marth 30, 2021.

18. BCG vaccines: WHO position paper — February 2018. Vaccins BCG: Note de synthèse de l’OMS — Février 2018. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2018;93(8):73–96. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/260306/WER9308.pdf. Accessed on Marth 30, 2021.

19. MU 3.3.1889-04. Poryadok provedeniya profilakticheskikh privivok: methodological guidelines. Moscow: Federal Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of the Ministry of Health of Russia; 2004. 32 p. (In Russ).

20. Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization. Assessment report on the implementation of the Global Vaccine Action Plan 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/IVB/18.11). License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Available online: https://www.who.int/immunization/newsroom/news_release_gvap_2018_assessment_report/en. Accessed on Marth 30, 2021.

21. Ilyicheva T, Durymanov A, Susloparov I, et al. Fatal Cases of Seasonal Influenza in Russia in 2015–2016. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0165332. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165332

22. Lvov DK, Kolobukhina LV, Burtseva EI, et al. The 2015–2016 epidemic season in Russia and the world: Circulation of influenza viruses, trends in incidence, clinical aspects, and treatment algorithm. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv. 2016;88(11):112–120 (In Russ).] doi: 10.17116/terarkh20168811112-120

23. Gostin LO, Hodge JG Jr, Bloom BR, et al. The public health crisis of underimmunisation: a global plan of action. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):e11–e16. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30558-4

24. Bozzola E, Spina G, Tozzi AE, Villani A. Global Measles Epidemic Risk: Current Perspectives on the Growing Need for Implementing Digital Communication Strategies. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020;13:2819–2826. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S201279

25. Skryabina SV, Kovyazina SA, Kuzmin SV, et al. Measles Outbreak in Sverdlovsk Region. Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention. 2018;17(2):50-56. (In Russ). doi: 10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-2-50-56

26. Bakhmutskaya E.V., Mindlina A.Ya., Stepenko A.V. Whooping cough — morbidity, immunization tactics and diagnostic methods in various European countries. Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention. 2018:17(2):71–82. (In Russ). doi: 10.24411/2073-3046-2018-10011

27. Chernova TM, Timchenko VN, Myskina NA, et al. Causes of violation of vaccination schedule in young children. Pediatrician. 2019;10(3):31–36. (In Russ). doi: 10.17816/PED10331-36