DESCRIPTION OF DIETS OF THE 12-36-MONTH-OLD CHILDREN RESIDING IN MOSCOW

Significance. Imbalanced diet in early childhood often results in medical issues, including mental retardation, impaired adaptation mechanisms and worsened immunological protection. The amount of studies, which could help to assess dietary peculiarities of 1-3-year-old children living in a Russian megalopolis and reveal probable deficiencies of the essential macro- and micronutrients, as well as the prevalence of eating behavior disorders. The study was aimed at assessing the nature and peculiarities of the diet of the 12-35-month-old children residing in Moscow. Patients and methods. 106 1-3-year-old children were examined at two pediatric polyclinics in Moscow; they were divided into two groups: I – 12-23-month-old children, II – 24‑35-month-old children. Results. The authors performed a comprehensive analysis of actual diets of young children, including assessment of the nature of consumed foods and dishes, as well as of nutritional value of daily rations. Conclusions. The authors established that diets of most 1‑3‑year-old children residing in the megalopolis conform to the current criteria. Excessive consumption of high-protein foods, insufficient consumption of specialized functional foods, early introduction of “adult foods” and non-observance of the dietary pattern were observed in several cases.

1. Anemiya u detei: diagnostika, differentsial'naya diagnostika i lechenie. Prakticheskoe posobie dlya vrachei pod red. A.G. Rumyantseva, Yu.N. Tokarevoi. 2-e izd., dop. i pererab. [Anemia in children: diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment. Guidelines for Physicians. Edited by A.G. Rumyantsev, Yu.N. Tokareva. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged]. Moscow, MAKS Press, 2004. 216 p.

2. Borovik T.E., Ladodo K.S. Klinicheskaya dietologiya detskogo vozrasta. Rukovodstvo dlya vrachei [Clinical Dietetics childhood. Guidelines for Physicians]. Moscow, Meditsinskoe informatsionnoe agentstvo, 2008. 608 p.

3. Iron deficiency anemia: assessment, prevention and control. A guide for programmer managers. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2001 (document WHO/NHD/01/3).

4. Grantham-McGregor S., Ani C. The role of micronutrients in psychomotor and cognitive development. Br Med Bull. 1999; 55: 511−527.

5. Sharapova O.V., Dedov I.I., Korsunskii A.A. et al. Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Children in the Russian Federation. Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii = Current Pediatrics. 2004; 3: 8−14.

6. Carlson S.Е., Neuringer M. Polyunsaturated fatty acids status and neurodevelopment a summary and critical analysis of the literature. Lipids. 1999; 34: 171−178.

7. Spirichev V.B. The role of vitamins and minerals in bone formation and preventing children osteopathy. Voprosy detskoi dietologii = Problems of child nutrition. 2003; 1 (1): 40−49.

8. Benton D. ILSI Eruope f.i.s.b.l. Micronutrient status, cognition and behavioral problems in childhood. Eur J Nutr. 2008 Aug; 47 (Suppl. 3): 38−50.

9. Baturin A.K., Netrebenko O.K. The practice of feeding children during the first two years of life in Russia. Pediatriya = Pediatrics. 2010; 90 (3): 99–110.

10. Fantino M., Gourmet E. Nutrient intakes in France in 2005 by non-breast fed children of less than 36 months. Archives de Pеdiatrie. 2008; 15: 446–455.

11. Eriksson J.E. Early adiposity rebound in children hood and risk of Type 2 diabetes in adult life. Diabetologia. 2003; 46: 190−194.

12. Barker D. Growth and living condition in childhood and hypertension in adult life: a longitudinal study. J Hypertens. 2002; 20: 1951−6.

13. Lucas A. Role a nutritional programming in determining adult morbidity. Arch Dis Child. 1994; 71: 288−290.

14. Netrebenko O.K., Borovik T.E., Skvortsova V.A. Eating disorders in young children. Lechashchii vrach = The attending physician. 2011; 1: 36−41.

15. Hurley K.M., Cross M.B., Hughes S.O. A systematic review of responsive feeding and child obesity in high-income countries. Journal of Nutrition. 2011; 141: 495−501.

16. Koletzko B., von Kries R., Monasterolo R. Lower protein in infant formula is associated with lower weight up to age 2 y: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 89: 1−10.

17. Baturin A.K., Ogloblin N.A., Volkova L.Yu. The results of the study of calcium intake of children in the Russian Federation. Voprosy detskoi dietologii = Problems of child nutrition. 2004; 2: 7−10.

18. Tutel'yan V.A., Baturin A.K., Kon' I.Ya., Keshabyants E.E., Starovoitov M.L., Safronova A.M., Gmoshinskaya M.V. Nature of malnutrition in infants and young children in the Russian Federation: the practice of introduction of complementary foods. Pediatriya = Pediatrics. 2009; 88 (6): 77−83.

19. Birch L., Fisher J. Development of eating behaviors among children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2010; 101: 539−549.

20. Ladodo K.S. Ratsional'noe pitanie detei rannego vozrasta [monografiya] [Rational Nnutrition of Young Children [Monograph]]. Moscow, Miklosh, 2007. 280 p.

21. Baranov A.A., Kuchma V.R., Sukhareva L.M. Otsenka zdorov'ya detei i podrostkov pri profilakticheskikh meditsinskikh osmotrakh. Rukovodstvo dlya vrachei [Assessment of Health of Children and Adolescents with Preventive Medical Examinations. Guidelines for Pediatricians]. Moscow, Izdatel'skii Dom «Dinastiya», 2004. 168 p.

22. Profilakticheskaya pediatriya. Rukovodstvo dlya vrachei. Pod red. A.A. Baranova [Preventive Pediatrics. Guidelines for Pediatricians. Ed. by A.A. Baranov]. Moscow, Soyuz pediatrov Rossii, 2012. 692 p.

23. Baturin A.K., Keshabyants E.E., Safronova A.M., Netrebenko O.K. Programming Meal Plan: children older than one year. Pediatriya = Pediatrics. 2013; 92 (2): 91−99.

24. Surzhik A.V., Borovik T.E., Zakharova I.N., Namazova-Baranova L.S., Skvortsova V.A., Lukoyanova O.L, Zvonkova N.G. Results of an epidemiological study nature and characteristics of nutritional status of children aged 12-36 months in the Russian Federation. Part I. Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii = Current Pediatrics. 2013; 12 (1): 30−36.

25. Produkty pitaniya dlya detei rannego vozrasta. Katalog pod red. T.E. Borovik, K.S. Ladodo, V.A. Skvortsovoi [Food for infants. Catalog edited by T.E. Borovik, K.S. Ladodo, V.A. Skvortsova]. Moscow, 2011. 480 p.

26. Spetsializirovannye produkty pitaniya dlya detei s razlichnoi patologiei. Katalog pod red. T.E. Borovik, K.S. Ladodo, V.A. Skvortsovoi [Specialized Food for Children with Different Pathologies. Catalog edited by T.E. Borovik, K.S. Ladodo, V.A. Skvortsova]. Moscow, 2012. 184 p.

27. Khimicheskii sostav i energeticheskaya tsennost' pishchevykh produktov. 6-e izd. Spravochnik pod red. Makkansa i Uidsona. Per. s angl. [Chemical Composition and Energy Content of Foodstuffs. 6th ed. Handbook edited by McCance and Widson. Translated from English]. St. Petersburg, Professiya, 2006. 416 p.

28. Tekhnologicheskaya instruktsiya po proizvodstvu kulinarnoi produktsii dlya pitaniya detei i podrostkov shkol'nogo vozrasta v organizovannykh kollektivakh. Moskovskii fond sodeistviya sanitarno-epidemiologicheskomu blagopoluchiyu naseleniya [Technological Instructions for the Production of Culinary Products for Babies and Early School-age Children in Organized Groups. Moscow Fund to Promote Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population]. Moscow, 2006.

29. Natsional'naya programma po optimizatsii vskarmlivaniya detei pervogo goda zhizni v Rossiiskoi Federatsii [The National Program to Optimize Feeding Infants in the Russian Federation]. Moscow, Soyuz pediatrov Rossii, 2009. 67 p.

30. Pitanie zdorovogo i bol'nogo rebenka. Pod red. V.A. Tutel'yana, I.Ya. Konya, B.S. Kaganova. Izd. 7-e [Feeding a Healthy and Sick Child. Edited by V.A. Tutel'yan, I.Ya. Kon', B.S. Kaganov]. Moscow, Izdatel'stvo «Dinastiya», 2013. 264 p.

31. Normy fiziologicheskikh potrebnostei v energii i pishchevykh veshchestvakh dlya razlichnykh grupp naseleniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii, MR 2.3.1.2432 -08, utverzhdeny Glavnym sanitarnym vrachom RF G.G. Onishchenko 18.12.2008 [Standards of Physiological Needs for Energy and Nutrients for Different Groups of Population of the Russian Federation, MR 2.3.1.2432 -08, approved by the Chief Sanitary Doctor of Russia G.G. Onishchenko dated 18.12.2008].