Preview

Pediatric pharmacology

Advanced search

Clinical Features and Management of the Disease Caused by New Coronaviral Infection (COVID-19) in Children. Version 2

https://doi.org/10.15690/pf.v17i3.2123

Abstract

The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation jointly with professional association and experts in the field of pediatrics, infectious diseases and resuscitation has revised guidelines “Clinical Features and Management of the Disease Caused by New Coronaviral Infection (COVID-19) in Children” in order to provide the child population with effective medical care during the pandemic of the new coronaviral infection. The practical experience of specialists from various countries was considered during the development of this document. Special attention should be given to the evidence base of the presented data, as well as to the efficiency and safety issues of medications used in treatment of coronaviral infection and its complications. The authors highlight the problems of prevention, diagnostics and management of pathological conditions caused by COVID-19 in the article according to the presented guidelines. Patient’s management is presented depending on the age and severity of the disease itself. The therapy is considered with regard to etiological, pathogenetic and symptom focus.

About the Authors

Yurii S. Alexandrovich
Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University
Russian Federation
Saint Petersburg
Disclosure of interest:

Not declared.



Ekaterina I. Alekseeva
National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Maya D. Bakradze
National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Alexander A. Baranov
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in «Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences»
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Tatiana T. Batysheva
Research and Practical Center for Pediatric Psychoneurology
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Nato D. Vashakmadze
Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in «Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences»; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Marina G. Vershinina
National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Elena A. Vishneva
Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in «Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences»; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Anastasia A. Glazyrina
Belgorod State National Research University; Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital
Russian Federation
Belgorod, Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Olga B. Gordeeva
Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in «Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences»; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Elena Yu. Dyakonova
National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Еlena S. Zholobova
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Belgorod State National Research University
Russian Federation
MoscowBelgorod
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Dmitry V. Zabolotsky
Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University
Russian Federation
Saint Petersburg
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Nadezda N. Zvereva
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Irina V. Zelenkova
Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in «Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences»
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Dmitry O. Ivanov
Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University
Russian Federation
Saint Petersburg
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Elena V. Kaytukova
Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in «Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences»; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


George A. Karkashadze
Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in «Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences»
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Ivan V. Konovalov
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Daria S. Kruchko
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Tatiana V. Kulichenko
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Seda Kh. Kurbanova
Belgorod State National Research University; Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital
Russian Federation
Belgorod, Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Yliya G. Levina
Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in «Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences»
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Yuri V. Lobzin
National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov
Russian Federation
Saint Petersburg
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Ludmila N. Mazankova
Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases under the Federal Medical Biological Agency
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Tea V. Margieva
Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in «Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences»
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Leyla S. Namazova-Baranova
Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in «Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences»; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Belgorod State National Research University
Russian Federation
MoscowBelgorod
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Yulia Yu. Novikova
Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital; Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Dmitry Yu. Ovsyannikov
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Elena E. Petryaykina
Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital; Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Yuriy V. Petrenko
Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University
Russian Federation
Saint Petersburg
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Nataliya V. Petrova
National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Dmitry V. Prometnoy
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Moscow Regional Center for Maternal and Child Health
Russian Federation
Moscow, Lyubertsy
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Konstantin V. Pshenisov
Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University
Russian Federation
Saint Petersburg
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Gregory V. Revunenkov
Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in «Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences»
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Alexey Yu. Rtishchev
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Dina S. Rusinova
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Children’s Outpatients Clinic №133 Moscow City Health Department
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Mukhammad A. Sayfullin
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Ruslan F. Sayfullin
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Liliya R. Selimzyanova
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in «Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences»
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Vladimir K. Tatochenko
National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Rustem F. Tepaev
National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Aleksandr N. Uskov
Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases under the Federal Medical Biological Agency
Russian Federation
Saint Petersburg
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Marina V. Fedoseenko
Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in «Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences»; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Andrey P. Fisenko
National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Andrey V. Khar’kin
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Kamilla E. Efendieva
Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in «Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences»; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


Alexey V. Yakovlev
Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University
Russian Federation
Saint Petersburg
Disclosure of interest: Not declared.


References

1. Tekhnicheskiye rukovodyashchiye ukazaniya VOZ. Naimenovaniye zabolevaniya, vyzvannogo koronavirusom (COVID-19), i virusnogo vozbuditelya. (In Russ). Доступно по: https://www.who.int/ru/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it. Ссылка активна на 12.04.2020.

2. Resolution of the government of the Russian Federation N 66 “O vnesenii izmeneniya v perechen’ zabolevaniy, predstavlyayushchikh opasnost’ dlya okruzhayushchikh”; dated 2020 January 31. (In Russ). Доступно по: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202002030005. Ссылка активна на 12.04.2020.

3. New study on COVID-19 estimates 5.1 days for incubation period. The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, March 9, 2020. Available online: https://www.jhsph.edu/news/news-releases/2020/new-study-on-COVID-19-estimates-5-daysfor-incubation-period.html.

4. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, et al. The incubation period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(9):577–582. doi: 10.7326/M20-0504.

5. Ministry of health of the Russian Federation. Vremennyye metodicheskiye rekomendatsii “Profilaktika, diagnostika i lecheniye novoy koronavirusnoy infektsii (COVID-19)”. Versiya 4 (27.03.2020). (In Russ). Доступно по: https://static-3.rosminzdrav.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/049/881/original/COVID19_recomend_v4.pdf. Ссылка активна на 12.04.2020.

6. To KK-W, Tsang OT-Y, Leung W-S, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior or opharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):565–574. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30196-1.

7. Shen K, Yang Y. Diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: a pressing issue. World J Pediatr. 2020;16(3)219–221. doi: 10.1007/s12519-020-00344-6.

8. Scott D. The Covid-19 risks for different age groups, explained. Vox. 23.03.2020. Available online: https://www.vox.com/2020/3/23/21190033/coronavirus-covid-19-deaths-by-age.

9. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.

10. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel Coronavirus from patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727–733. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.

11. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708–1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.

12. Baez D. Clinical findings of 6 children with COVID-19, risks factors associated with COVID- 19 death, and detection of SARSCoV-2 in different clinical specimens. Mar 13, 2020. Available online: http://www.anmco.it/uploads/u_cms/media/2020/3/b0f67d369884729177067cdc663b497c.pdf.

13. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 Coronavirus Disease in China. Pediatrics. 2020. Available online: https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2020/03/16/peds.2020-0702.full.pdf.

14. Lu X, Liqiong Zhang L, Du H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1663–1665. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2005073.

15. Chan J-W, Yuan S, Kok K, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514–523. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9.

16. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.

17. Zhang J, Dong X, Cao Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy. 2020;75(7):1730–1741. doi: 10.1111/all.14238.

18. Boulos MN, Geraghty EM. Geographical tracking and mapping of coronavirus disease COVID-19/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic and associated events around the world: how 21st century GIS technologies are supporting the global fight against outbreaks and epidemics. Int J Health Geogr. 2020;19(1):8. doi: 10.1186/s12942-020-00202-8.

19. Wang S, Guo L, Chen L, et al. A case report of neonatal COVID-19 infection in China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa225. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa225.

20. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809–815. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3.

21. The Daily Star. Coronavirus suspicion: 7-month-old baby sent to Dhaka from isolation ward in Kushtia. Mar 26, 2020. Available online: https://www.thedailystar.net/coronavirus-suspicion-inkushtia-7-month-old-baby-isolation-ward-1886209.

22. WHO recommendation. Getting your workplace ready for COVID-19. Feb 26, 2020. Available online: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/getting-workplace-ready-forcovid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=359a81e7_6.

23. National Health Commission & State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial Version 7), Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(9):1087–1095. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000819.

24. Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, et al. A trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in adults hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(19):1787–1799. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001282.

25. Velthuis AJ, van den Worm, Sims AC, et al. Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoSPathog. 2010;6(11):e1001176. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176.

26. Gautret P, Lagier J, Parola P, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;105949. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949.

27. Chang R, Sun W. Repositioning chloroquine as ideal antiviral prophylactic against COVID-19 — time is now. Preprints. 2020;2020030279. doi: 10.20944/preprints202003.0279.v1.

28. Advisory on the use of hydroxy-chloroquine as prophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recommendation. Mar 22, 2020. Available online: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/AdvisoryontheuseofHydroxychloroquinasprophylaxisforSARSCoV2infection.pdf.

29. National Taskforce for COVID-19 Advisory on the use of hydroxychloroquine as prophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 2020. Available online: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/AdvisoryontheuseofHydroxychloroquinasprophylaxisforSARSCoV2infection.pdfWorcester S. COVID-19 characteristics differ in children vs adults. 2020. Available online: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/926805.

30. Sarma P, Prajapat M, Avti P, et al. Therapeutic options for the treatment of 2019-novel coronavirus: An evidence-based approach. Indian J Pharmacol. 2020;52(1):1–5. doi: 10.4103/ijp.IJP_119_20.

31. Ong SW, Tan YK, Chia PY, et al. Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1610–1612. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3227.

32. Xu Y, Li X, Zhu B, et al. Characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential evidence for persistent fecal viral shedding. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):502–505. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0817-4.

33. Zeng L, Xia S, Yuan W, et al. Neonatal early-onset infection with SARS-CoV-2 in 33 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;e200878. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0878.

34. Wang J, Qi H, Bao L, et al. A contingency plan for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in neonatal intensive care units. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(4):258–259. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30040-7.

35. Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, at al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa248. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa248.

36. Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutiérrez-Ocampo E, et al; Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19). Electronic address: https://www.lancovid.org.Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;101623. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623.

37. Henry BM, Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in children with novel coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(7):1135–1138. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0272.

38. Guo L, Ren L, Yang S, et al. Profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa310. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa310.

39. Soldati G, Smargiassi A, Inchingolo R, et al. Is there a role for lung ultrasound during the COVID-19 pandemic? J Ultrasound Med. 2020;39(7):1459–1462. doi: 10.1002/jum.15284.

40. Islam M, Levitus M, Eisen L, et al. Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis and management of acute respiratory failure. Lung. 2020;198(1):1–11. doi: 10.1007/s00408-019- 00309-1.

41. Chen ZM, Fu JF, Shu Q, et al. Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus. World J Pediatr. 2020;16(3):240–246. doi: 10.1007/s12519-020-00345-5.

42. COVID-19 and breastfeeding. WHO Position Paper. Available online: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/437788/breastfeeding-COVID-19.pdf.

43. Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. 2020;109(6):1088–1095. doi: 10.1111/apa.15270.

44. Shen K, Yang Y, Wang T, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: experts’ consensus statement. World J Pediatr. 2020;16(3):223–231. doi: 10.1007/s12519-020-00343-7.

45. Karimi A, RafieiTabatabaei S, Rajabnejad M, et al. An algorithmic approach to diagnosis and treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: iranian expert’s consensus statement. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis. 2020;8(2):e102400. doi: 10.5812/pedinfect.102400.

46. Alder Hey Children’s Hospital: Clinical management of children admitted to hospital with COVID-19. March 2020. Version 1. Available online: https://alderhey.nhs.uk/application/files/1815/8422/1173/COVID_19_IN_CHILDREN_CLINICAL_GUIDANCE_v1.pdf.

47. Michigan Medicine University of Michigan. Inpatient Guidance for treatment of COVID-19 in adults and children. Available online: http://www.med.umich.edu/asp/pdf/adult_guidelines/COVID-19-treatment.pdf.

48. WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/.

49. Order N 198n Ministry of Health Russia “O vremennom poryadke organizatsii raboty meditsinskikh organizatsii v tselyakh realizatsii mer po profilaktike i snizheniyu riskov rasprostraneniya novoy koronavirusnoy infektsii COVID-19” (with changes from March 27, 2020 N 246n), dated 2020 March 27. (In Russ). Доступно по: https://rg.ru/2020/03/20/minzdravprikaz198-site-dok.html. Ссылка активна на 12.04.2020.

50. Whittaker E. et al., Clinical Characteristics of 58 Children With a Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated With SARS-CoV-2. JAMA. 2020;e2010369. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.10369/.

51. Toubiana J, Poirault C, Corsia A, et al. Outbreak of Kawasaki disease in children during COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective observational study in Paris, France. medRxiv. Preprint posted May 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.10.20097394.

52. Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, et al. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395(10237):1607–1608. doi: 10.1016/S01406736(20)31094-1.

53. Belhadjer Z, Méot M, Bajolle F, et al. Acute heart failure in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in the context of global SARS-CoV-2pandemic. Circulation. 2020;382:137022. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048360.

54. Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicenter of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet. Published online May 13, 2020. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31103-X.

55. Viner RM, Whittaker E. Kawasaki-like disease: emerging complication during the COVID-19 pandemic comment. Lancet. Published online May 13, 2020. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31129-6.

56. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid risk assessment: paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome and SARS -CoV-2 infection in children. Published May 15, 2020. Available online: https://www.ecdc. europa.eu/en/publicationsdata/paediatricinflammatory-multisystem-syndrome-and-sarscov-2-rapid-risk-assessment. Accessed on May 22, 2020.

57. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Guidance: paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19. https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/guidance-paediatric-multisysteminflammatory-syndrometemporally-associatedcovid-19. Accessed on May 22, 2020.

58. World Health Organization. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents with COVID-19. Published May 15, 2020. https://www.who.int/publications-detail/multisysteminflammatorysyndrome-in-children-and-adolescents-withcovid-19. Accessed on May 22, 2020.

59. Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Consensus Recommendations From the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16(5):428–439. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000350.

60. Delaney M, Bell M, Smith K, et al. Severe COVID-19 in Children and Young Adults in the Washington, DC Metropolitan Region. J Pediatr. 2020;223:199–203.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.007.

61. Belhadjer Z, Méot M, Bajolle F, et al. Acute heart failure in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in the context of global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Circulation. 2020 May 17. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048360.

62. Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2020 May 13. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31103-X.

63. Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, et al. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395(10237):1607–1608. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31094-1.

64. Hennon TR, Penque MD, Abdul-Aziz R, et al. COVID-19 associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) guidelines; a Western New York approach. Prog Pediatr Cardiol. 2020 May 23:101232. doi: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2020.101232. Epub ahead of print. PMCID: PMC7244417

65. Kanegaye JT, Wilder MS, Molkara D, et al. Recognition of a Kawasaki disease shock syndrome. Pediatrics. 2009;123(5):e783–e789. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-1871.


Review

For citations:


Alexandrovich Yu.S., Alekseeva E.I., Bakradze M.D., Baranov A.A., Batysheva T.T., Vashakmadze N.D., Vershinina M.G., Vishneva E.A., Glazyrina A.A., Gordeeva O.B., Dyakonova E.Yu., Zholobova Е.S., Zabolotsky D.V., Zvereva N.N., Zelenkova I.V., Ivanov D.O., Kaytukova E.V., Karkashadze G.A., Konovalov I.V., Kruchko D.S., Kulichenko T.V., Kurbanova S.Kh., Levina Y.G., Lobzin Yu.V., Mazankova L.N., Margieva T.V., Namazova-Baranova L.S., Novikova Yu.Yu., Ovsyannikov D.Yu., Petryaykina E.E., Petrenko Yu.V., Petrova N.V., Prometnoy D.V., Pshenisov K.V., Revunenkov G.V., Rtishchev A.Yu., Rusinova D.S., Sayfullin M.A., Sayfullin R.F., Selimzyanova L.R., Tatochenko V.K., Tepaev R.F., Uskov A.N., Fedoseenko M.V., Fisenko A.P., Khar’kin A.V., Efendieva K.E., Yakovlev A.V. Clinical Features and Management of the Disease Caused by New Coronaviral Infection (COVID-19) in Children. Version 2. Pediatric pharmacology. 2020;17(3):187-212. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15690/pf.v17i3.2123

Views: 5445


ISSN 1727-5776 (Print)
ISSN 2500-3089 (Online)