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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ppharm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Педиатрическая фармакология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pediatric pharmacology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1727-5776</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3089</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/pf.v12i2.1278</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ppharm-4</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ТУАЛЕТНЫХ НАВЫКОВ У ДЕТЕЙ ИЗ СЕМЕЙ ОБЩЕЙ ПОПУЛЯЦИИ И СЕМЕЙ С ВЫСОКИМ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМ СТАТУСОМ. СРАВНИТЕЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toilet Training of Children from the General Population and From Families with a High Social and Economic Status. Comparative Research</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисова</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisova</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">beliykhalat@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Намазова-Баранова</surname><given-names>Л. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Namazova-Baranova</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">namazova@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каркашадзе</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karkashadze</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">beliykhalat@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Геворкян</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gevorkyan</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">beliykhalat@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маслова</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maslova</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">beliykhalat@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котлярова</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotlyarova</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">beliykhalat@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазуренко</surname><given-names>С. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazurenko</surname><given-names>S. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">beliykhalat@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зоркин</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zor'kin</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">beliykhalat@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Константиниди</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konstantinidi</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">beliykhalat@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазарев</surname><given-names>М. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazarev</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">beliykhalat@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поляков</surname><given-names>С. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polykov</surname><given-names>S. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">beliykhalat@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научный центр здоровья детей, Москва, Российская Федерация</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific center of health of children, Moscow, Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title>Педиатрическая фармакология</issue-title><fpage>156</fpage><lpage>165</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Денисова О.И., Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Каркашадзе Г.А., Геворкян А.К., Маслова О.И., Котлярова М.С., Лазуренко С.Б., Зоркин С.Н., Константиниди Т.А., Лазарев М.Л., Поляков С.Д., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Денисова О.И., Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Каркашадзе Г.А., Геворкян А.К., Маслова О.И., Котлярова М.С., Лазуренко С.Б., Зоркин С.Н., Константиниди Т.А., Лазарев М.Л., Поляков С.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Denisova O.I., Namazova-Baranova L.S., Karkashadze G.A., Gevorkyan A.K., Maslova O.I., Kotlyarova M.S., Lazurenko S.B., Zor'kin S.N., Konstantinidi T.A., Lazarev M.L., Polykov S.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pedpharma.ru/jour/article/view/4">https://www.pedpharma.ru/jour/article/view/4</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: сравнение основных параметров формирования навыков туалета у детей из семей общей популяции и детей из семей с высоким социально-экономическим статусом. Методы. Проведено анкетирование 1068 родителей детей в возрасте от 2 до 5 лет с помощью специально разработанного опросника. Результаты. Всего обследовано 1012 детей общей популяции (ОП) и 56 детей из семей с относительно высоким социально-экономическим статусом (ВСЭС). Средний возраст детей к моменту начала обучения навыкам туалета в группах оказался одинаковым: 15,17 ± 0,23 мес (группа ОП) и 15,6 ± 0,8 мес (группа ВСЭС). В группе ОП обучение в возрасте ребенка до 1 года жизни начинало 29,5% родителей ― в два раза чаще, чем в группе ВСЭС. Дети из группы высокого социально-экономического статуса завершают обучение примерно на 1,9 мес раньше. Средняя продолжительность обучения туалетным навыкам от самых первых попыток обучения до полного освоения туалетных навыков в группе ВСЭС оказалась более чем на 2 мес короче, чем в группе ОП: 10,5 ± 0,6 против 12,88 ± 0,41 мес (р &lt; 0,05). Выявлены существенные различия в методологии обучения: родители группы ОП более привержены к принудительным высаживаниям ребенка на горшок и более активным действиям при большей вариабельности методологии, тогда как в группе ВСЭС методология более однородна и доминируют техники, ориентированные на выбор ребенка и умеренную активность родительских действий в основной стадии обучения. Заключение. Методология обучения детей навыкам туалета в семьях с высоким социально-экономическим статусом отличается от наиболее популярных в общей популяции. Обучение туалетным навыкам в группе ВСЭС несколько быстрее и завершается также несколько ранее.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Goal</title><p>Goal: to compare the main parameters of toilet skills formation in between children of the common population and those from families with a high social and economic status. Methods: 1068 parents with children 2–5 years of age were questioned using a specially developed questionnaire. Results: 1012 children from the common population (CP) and 56 children from families with a relatively high economic and social status (RHESS) were studied. The average age at the beginning of toilet training appeared to be the same 15,17 ± 0,23 months (CP) and 15,6 ± 0,8 months (RHESS). In the CP group 29.5% of parents started toilet training before their children reached the age of 1 year — which is twice more often than in the RHESS group. The RHESS children finish toilet training approx. 1.9 months earlier. The overall training turned out to be shorter in the RHESS group by more than 2 months: 10,5 ± 0,6 against 12,88 ± 0,41 months (р &lt; 0,05). Serious differences were discovered in the teaching methods: parents from the CP group are more inclined towards forced placement of the child onto the pot and to more active actions demonstrating at the same time more variety in methodology, while in the RHESS group the methodology is more homogeneous with techniques oriented at the child’s choice and a moderate parental activity are dominating. Conclusion. The methods of child toilet training in families with a high economic and social status is different from those most popular in the general population. The training in the RHESS group is slightly faster and is concluded earlier.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>туалетные навыки</kwd><kwd>гигиенические навыки</kwd><kwd>обучение навыкам туалета</kwd><kwd>семьи с высоким социально-экономическим статусом</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>toilet training</kwd><kwd>hygiene skills</kwd><kwd>toilet skills</kwd><kwd>families with a high social and economic status</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каркашадзе Г. А., Намазова-Баранова Л. С., Маслова О. И., Лазуренко С. Б., Клочкова У. Н., Зоркин С. Н., Комарова Е. В. Формирование навыков туалета у детей в России. Проблемный анализ. 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