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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ppharm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Педиатрическая фармакология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pediatric pharmacology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1727-5776</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3089</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/pf.v22i6.2992</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ppharm-2731</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ  СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL  ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Одномоментное исследование распределения макроструктурных изменений головного мозга среди общей популяции российских детей младшего школьного возраста и детей с расстройствами из группы легких когнитивных нарушений и синдромом дефицита внимания с гиперактивностью</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A Cross Sectional Study of the Distribution of Macrostructural of Russian Primary School Children and Children with Disorders from the Group of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8540-3858</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каркашадзе</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karkashadze</surname><given-names>George A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каркашадзе Георгий Арчилович - кандидат медицинских наук, врач-невролог, заведующий отделом развития мозга в онтогенезе, формирования когнитивных функций и нейробиологии НИИ педиатрии и охраны здоровья детей НКЦ №2 ФГБНУ «РНЦХ им. акад. Б.В. Петровского».</p><p>119333, Москва, ул. Фотиевой, д. 10, стр. 1, тел.: +7 (903) 673-94-52</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karkga@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5282-6504</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фирумянц</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Firumyants</surname><given-names>Aleksey I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фирумянц Алексей Игоревич</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexfirum@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фокин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fokin</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фокин Андрей Викторович</p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andreyvfokin@yabdex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дьяченко</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyachenko</surname><given-names>Viktor V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дьяченко Виктор Владимирович</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>Moscow</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vikovod@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киреева</surname><given-names>Г. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kireeva</surname><given-names>Galina N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Киреева Галина Николаевна</p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-7531</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Намазова-Баранова</surname><given-names>Л. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Namazova-Baranova</surname><given-names>Leyla S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Намазова-Баранова Лейла Сеймуровна - д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Academician of the RAS.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@pediatr-russia.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-7351</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковтун</surname><given-names>О. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovtun</surname><given-names>Olga P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ковтун Ольга Петровна - д.м.н., профессор, член-корреспондент РАН.</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, corresponding member of the RAS.</p><p>Yekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">usma@usma.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Домрачева</surname><given-names>Э. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Domracheva</surname><given-names>Elvira G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Домрачева Эльвира Геннадьевна</p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">domrachevaelvira@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5036-8407</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергиенко</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergienko</surname><given-names>Nataliya S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергиенко Наталья Сергеевна - к.м.н.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sergienko538@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0596-631X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нестерова</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nesterova</surname><given-names>Yuliya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нестерова Юлия Викторовна - к.м.н.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ermolina_jv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0892-3726</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яцык</surname><given-names>Л. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yatsyk</surname><given-names>Leonid M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яцык Леонид Михайлович</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">leonid2rgmu@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Руденко</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudenko</surname><given-names>Elena N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Руденко Елена Николаевна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">9253200005@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салимгареева</surname><given-names>Т. A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Salimgareeva</surname><given-names>Tatiana A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Салимгареева Татьяна Амирановна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">salim_tat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9790-7490</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гогберашвили</surname><given-names>Т. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gogberashvili</surname><given-names>Tinatin Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гогберашвили Тинатин Юзовна - к.пс.н.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tinatina2004@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-8434</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергеева</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergeeva</surname><given-names>Nataliya E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергеева Наталья Евгеньевна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natalia_023@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Константиниди</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konstantinidi</surname><given-names>Tatiana A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Константиниди Татьяна Анатольевна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tkonstantinidi@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садиллоева</surname><given-names>С. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saddiloeva</surname><given-names>Safarbegim Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Садиллоева Сафарбегим Худододовна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sadilloeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3747-3743</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куракина</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurakina</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Куракина Марина Александровна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kyrakina.marina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5790-6223</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыкунова</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rykunova</surname><given-names>Anastasiya I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рыкунова Анастасия Ивановна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">enigma.spr20@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7131-0993</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шилко</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shilko</surname><given-names>Nikita S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шилко Никита Сергеевич</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nikita@shilko.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7398-0562</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вишнева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vishneva</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вишнева Елена Александровна - д.м.н.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vishneva.e@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8936-3590</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кайтукова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaytukova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кайтукова Елена Владимировна - к.м.н.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sunrise_ok@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0317-2425</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эфендиева</surname><given-names>К. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Efendieva</surname><given-names>Kamilla E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эфендиева Камилла Евгеньевна - к.м.н.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kamillaef@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИИ педиатрии и охраны здоровья детей НКЦ №2 ФГБНУ «РНЦХ им. акад. Б.В. Петровского»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pediatrics and Child Health Research Institute in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Челябинская областная детская клиническая больница</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chelyabinsk Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИИ педиатрии и охраны здоровья детей НКЦ №2 ФГБНУ «РНЦХ им. акад. Б.В. Петровского»; Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова (Пироговский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pediatrics and Child Health Research Institute in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>690</fpage><lpage>704</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Каркашадзе Г.А., Фирумянц А.И., Фокин А.В., Дьяченко В.В., Киреева Г.Н., Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Ковтун О.П., Домрачева Э.Г., Сергиенко Н.С., Нестерова Ю.В., Яцык Л.М., Руденко Е.Н., Салимгареева Т.A., Гогберашвили Т.Ю., Сергеева Н.Е., Константиниди Т.А., Садиллоева С.Х., Куракина М.А., Рыкунова А.И., Шилко Н.С., Вишнева Е.А., Кайтукова Е.В., Эфендиева К.Е., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каркашадзе Г.А., Фирумянц А.И., Фокин А.В., Дьяченко В.В., Киреева Г.Н., Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Ковтун О.П., Домрачева Э.Г., Сергиенко Н.С., Нестерова Ю.В., Яцык Л.М., Руденко Е.Н., Салимгареева Т.A., Гогберашвили Т.Ю., Сергеева Н.Е., Константиниди Т.А., Садиллоева С.Х., Куракина М.А., Рыкунова А.И., Шилко Н.С., Вишнева Е.А., Кайтукова Е.В., Эфендиева К.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karkashadze G.A., Firumyants A.I., Fokin A.V., Dyachenko V.V., Kireeva G.N., Namazova-Baranova L.S., Kovtun O.P., Domracheva E.G., Sergienko N.S., Nesterova Y.V., Yatsyk L.M., Rudenko E.N., Salimgareeva T.A., Gogberashvili T.Y., Sergeeva N.E., Konstantinidi T.A., Saddiloeva S.K., Kurakina M.A., Rykunova A.I., Shilko N.S., Vishneva E.A., Kaytukova E.V., Efendieva K.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pedpharma.ru/jour/article/view/2731">https://www.pedpharma.ru/jour/article/view/2731</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Обоснование</title><p>Обоснование. Распространенность структурных аномалий головного мозга среди российских детей остается неизвестной, что препятствует эффективному планированию профилактики тяжелых неврологических и нейрохирургических осложнений. Также остается дискуссионной значимость ряда условно-патологических находок, случайно выявляемых с помощью магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ), в клинической практике.</p><p>Цель исследования — определить среди детей младшего школьного возраста частоту макроструктурных изменений головного мозга, выявленных с помощью МРТ головного мозга, и оценить их клиническую значимость относительно расстройств из группы легких когнитивных нарушений (ЛКН) и синдрома дефицита внимания с гиперактивностью (СДВГ). Методы. Всем участникам — детям 7–8 лет из Челябинска и Москвы — проведена МРТ головного мозга, представителям московской когорты детей дополнительно проведено углубленное клинико-психологическое обследование: консультация невролога/психиатра, нейропсихологическое и логопедическое тестирование, оценка интеллекта по Векслеру.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Обследованы 162 ребенка объединенной (челябинской и московской) популяционной выборки и 114 московских детей группы патологии — СДВГ, ЛКН и их сочетанных вариантов. Также из московской популяционной когорты была выделена подгруппа в количестве 30 неврологически здоровых детей. Наиболее частыми находками в популяционной группе были асимметрии желудочков (35,8%), расширения периваскулярных пространств (11,1%), кисты эпифиза (4,3%) и увеличение размеров большой цистерны мозга (4,3%). По результатам обследования 2,5% детей были направлены на углубленное обследование в связи с обнаруженными находками. Условно-патологические находки в целом и конкретно расширения периваскулярных пространств и арахноидальные кисты значимо чаще регистрируются среди детей с ЛКН и сочетанной патологией ЛКН + СДВГ по сравнению с неврологически здоровыми детьми и общей популяцией детей.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Проведение сплошного скрининга российских детей с помощью МРТ может выявить около 2,5% детей с подозрением на серьезные отклонения, требующие специализированного наблюдения. Кроме того, некоторые считающиеся незначимыми находки могут сигнализировать о нетяжелой нейропатологии.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. The prevalence of structural brain abnormalities among Russian children remains unknown, which hinders effective planning for the prevention of severe neurological and neurosurgical complications. The significance of a number of conditionally pathological findings that are accidentally detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in clinical practice also remains debatable.</p><p>The aim of the study is to determine the frequency of macrostructural changes in the brain among primary school— age children, detected by MRI of the brain, and to assess their clinical significance in relation to disorders from the group of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. All participants, 7–8 year old children from Chelyabinsk and Moscow, underwent an MRI scan of the brain, representatives of the Moscow cohort of children additionally underwent an in-depth clinical and psychological examination: consultation with a neurologist/psychiatrist, neuropsychological and speech therapy testing, and Wexler intelligence assessment.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. 162 children of the combined (Chelyabinsk and Moscow) population sample and 114 Moscow children of the pathology group — ADHD, MCI and their combined variants were examined. A subgroup of 30 neurologically healthy children was also isolated from the Moscow population cohort. The most common findings in the population group were ventricular asymmetries (35.8%), dilation of perivascular spaces (11.1%), epiphysis cysts (4.3%), and an increase in the size of the large brain cistern (4.3%). According to the survey results, 2.5% of the children were referred for in-depth examination in connection with the findings. Conditionally pathological findings in general and specifically perivascular space dilation and arachnoid cysts are significantly more common among children with MCI and combined pathology of MCI + ADHD compared with neurologically healthy children and the general population of children.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Continuous screening of Russian children using MRI can identify about 2.5% of children with suspected serious abnormalities requiring specialized monitoring. In addition, some findings that are considered insignificant may signal mild neuropathology.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>МРТ</kwd><kwd>головной мозг</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>случайные находки</kwd><kwd>структурные аномалии</kwd><kwd>распространенность</kwd><kwd>асимметрия желудочков</kwd><kwd>расширение периваскулярных пространств</kwd><kwd>арахноидальные кисты</kwd><kwd>легкие когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>дисфазия развития</kwd><kwd>СДВГ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>MRI</kwd><kwd>brain</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>accidental findings</kwd><kwd>structural abnormalities</kwd><kwd>prevalence</kwd><kwd>ventricular asymmetry</kwd><kwd>dilation of perivascular spaces</kwd><kwd>arachnoid cysts</kwd><kwd>mild cognitive impairment</kwd><kwd>developmental dysphasia</kwd><kwd>ADHD</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Отсутствует</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Not specified</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta SN, Belay B. 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