ppharmПедиатрическая фармакологияPediatric pharmacology1727-57762500-3089Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»10.15690/pf.v22i1.2852ppharm-2581Research ArticleКЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИCLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONSСовременные рекомендации по ведению пациентов с инфекцией мочевых путейCurrent Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Urinary Tract Infectionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3987-8112БарановА. А.BaranovAlexander A.

Баранов Александр Александрович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, советник руководителя НИИ педиатрии и охраны здоровья детей; главный специалист педиатр Минздрава России, профессор кафедры педиатрии и детской ревматологии; почетный президент Союза педиатров 

119333, Москва, ул. Фотиевой, д. 10

тел.: +7 (499) 400-47-33 

Moscow

baranov@pediatr-russia.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8728-1113КозловР. С.KozlovRoman S.

Смоленск

Smolensk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-7531Намазова-БарановаЛ. С.Namazova-BaranovaLeyla S.

Москва 

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7916-1488АндрееваИ. В.AndreevaIrina V.

Смоленск 

Smolensk

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7398-0562ВишнёваЕ. А.VishnevaElena A.

Москва 

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1928-749XЗокировН. З.ZokirovNurali Z.

Москва

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7447-0625КуличенкоТ. В.KulichenkoTatiana V.

Москва 

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2395-1322МаргиеваТ. В.MargievaTea V.

Москва

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2655-6192ДовганьЕ. В.DovganEvgeniy V.

Смоленск 

Smolensk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7316-9187СтецюкО. У.StetsyukOlga U.

Смоленск 

Smolensk

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8085-4513ТаточенкоВ. К.TatochenkoVladimir K.

Москва

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2373-1183ЧумаковаО. В.ChumakovaOlga V.

Москва

Moscow

ШиловаМ. М.ShilovaMarina M.

Москва

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7523-5889ЭмироваХ. М.EmirovaKhadizha M.

Москва

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6301-9313ЦыгинА. Н.TsyginAleksey N.

Москва

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6098-7028ШишиморовИ. В.ShishimorovIvan N.

Волгоград

Volgograd

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1832-7111ШапошниковаН. Ф.ShaposhnikovaNatalia F.

Волгоград

Volgograd

НИИ педиатрии и охраны здоровья детей НКЦ №2 ФГБНУ «РНЦХ им. акад. Б.В. Петровского»; Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияResearch Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Sechenov Moscow Medical AcademyRussian FederationСмоленский ГМУРоссияSmolensk State Medical UniversityRussian FederationНИИ педиатрии и охраны здоровья детей НКЦ №2 ФГБНУ «РНЦХ им. акад. Б.В. Петровского»; РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова (Пироговский Университет)РоссияResearch Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian FederationФНКЦ детей и подростков ФМБА РоссииРоссияFederal Scientific Clinical Centre of Children and Adolescents the Federal Medical-Biological AgencyRussian FederationРНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова (Пироговский Университет)РоссияPirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian FederationПервый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияSechenov Moscow Medical AcademyRussian FederationСмоленская областная клиническая больницаРоссияSmolensk Regional Clinical HospitalRussian FederationНМИЦ здоровья детейРоссияNational Medical Research Center for Children’s HealthRussian FederationСоюз педиатров РоссииРоссияThe Union of Pediatricians of RussiaRussian FederationМГМСУ им. А.И. Евдокимова; Детская городская клиническая больница св. ВладимираРоссияA.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry; Children’s State Clinical Hospital of St. VladimirRussian FederationНМИЦ здоровья детей; Российский университет медициныРоссияNational Medical Research Center for Children’s Health; The Russian University of Medicine’sRussian FederationВолгГМУРоссияVolgograd State Medical UniversityRussian Federation2025260220252217997Copyright © Баранов А.А., Козлов Р.С., Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Андреева И.В., Вишнёва Е.А., Зокиров Н.З., Куличенко Т.В., Маргиева Т.В., Довгань Е.В., Стецюк О.У., Таточенко В.К., Чумакова О.В., Шилова М.М., Эмирова Х.М., Цыгин А.Н., Шишиморов И.В., Шапошникова Н.Ф., 20252025Баранов А.А., Козлов Р.С., Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Андреева И.В., Вишнёва Е.А., Зокиров Н.З., Куличенко Т.В., Маргиева Т.В., Довгань Е.В., Стецюк О.У., Таточенко В.К., Чумакова О.В., Шилова М.М., Эмирова Х.М., Цыгин А.Н., Шишиморов И.В., Шапошникова Н.Ф.Baranov A.A., Kozlov R.S., Namazova-Baranova L.S., Andreeva I.V., Vishneva E.A., Zokirov N.Z., Kulichenko T.V., Margieva T.V., Dovgan E.V., Stetsyuk O.U., Tatochenko V.K., Chumakova O.V., Shilova M.M., Emirova K.M., Tsygin A.N., Shishimorov I.N., Shaposhnikova N.F.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.pedpharma.ru/jour/article/view/2581

Инфекции мочевых путей у детей являются одними из наиболее распространенных бактериальных инфекций в педиатрической практике. В статье подробно рассматриваются их клинические проявления, диагностические критерии, включая лабораторные и инструментальные методы исследования, а также стратегии лечения, включая выбор антибактериальной терапии и длительность лечения. Особое внимание уделяется профилактике рецидивов инфекций мочевых путей. Настоящие клинические рекомендации основаны на данных последних научных исследований и международных стандартах, что делает их важным инструментом для педиатров и других медицинских специалистов, занимающихся лечением детей с этой патологией. Применение приведенных рекомендаций на практике способствует улучшению качества медицинской помощи и снижению риска осложнений, связанных с инфекциями мочевых путей.

Urinary tract infections in children are among the most common bacterial infections in pediatric practice. The article discusses in detail their clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, including laboratory and instrumental research methods, as well as treatment strategies, including the choice of antibacterial therapy and the duration of treatment. Special attention is paid to the prevention of recurrence of urinary tract infections. These clinical guidelines are based on the latest scientific research and international standards, which makes them an important tool for pediatricians and other medical professionals involved in the treatment of children with this pathology. The application of these guidelines in practice helps to improve the quality of medical care and reduce the risk of complications associated with urinary tract infections.

инфекция мочевых путейэтиологияклинические проявлениядиагностикапрофилактикадетиurinary tract infectionetiologyclinical manifestationsdiagnosispreventionchildrenОтсутствует.Not specified.ReferencesПалагин И.С., Сухорукова М.В., Дехнич А.В. и др. Современное состояние антибиотикорезистентности возбудителей внебольничных инфекций мочевых путей в России: результаты исследования «ДАРМИС» (2010–2011) // Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная терапия. — 2012. — Т. 14. — № 4. — С. 280–302.Palagin IS, Sukhorukova MV, Dekhnich AV, et al Current State of Antibiotic Resistance of Pathogens Causing CommunityAcquired Urinary Tract Infections in Russia: «DARMIS» Study (2010–2011). Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2012;14(4):280–302. (In Russ).]Stein R, Dogan HS, Hoebeke P, et al. European Association of Urology; European Society for Pediatric Urology. Urinary tract infections in children: EAU/ESPU guidelines. Eur Urol. 2015;67(3):546–558. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2014.11.007Stein R, Dogan HS, Hoebeke P, et al. European Association of Urology; European Society for Pediatric Urology. Urinary tract infections in children: EAU/ESPU guidelines. Eur Urol. 2015;67(3):546–558. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2014.11.007‘t Hoen LA, Bogaert G, Radmayr C, et al. Update of the EAU/ ESPU. J Pediatr Urol. 2021;17(2):200–207. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2021.01.037‘t Hoen LA, Bogaert G, Radmayr C, et al. Update of the EAU/ ESPU. J Pediatr Urol. 2021;17(2):200–207. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2021.01.037Детская нефрология: практическое руководство / под ред. Э. Лоймана, А.Н. Цыгина, А.А. Саркисяна. — М.: Литтерра; 2010. — 400 с.Detskaya nefrologiya: prakticheskoe rukovodstvo: A practical guide. Loyman E, Tsygin AN, Sargsyan AA, eds. Moscow: Litterra; 2010. 400 p. (In Russ).]Ammenti A, Cataldi L, Chimenz R, et al. Febrile urinary tract infections in young children: recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Acta Paediatr. 2012;101(5):451–457. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02549.xUrinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics. 2011;128(3):593–610. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-1330Leung AKC, Wong AHC, Leung AAM, Hon KL. Urinary Tract Infection in Children. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2019;13(1):2–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/1872213X13666181228154940Ammenti A, Cataldi L, Chimenz R, et al. Febrile urinary tract infections in young children: recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Acta Paediatr. 2012;101(5):451–457. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02549.xWilliams GJ, Macaskill P, Chan SF, et al. Absolute and relative accuracy of rapid urine tests for urinary tract infection in children: A meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(4):240–250. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70031-1Leung AKC, Wong AHC, Leung AAM, Hon KL. Urinary Tract Infection in Children. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2019;13(1):2–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/1872213X13666181228154940Ben-David R, Carroll F, Kornitzer E, et al. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and antibiotic resistance profile in children with neurogenic bladder who require clean intermittent catheterization. Spinal Cord. 2022;60(3):256–260. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-021-00679-5Williams GJ, Macaskill P, Chan SF, et al. Absolute and relative accuracy of rapid urine tests for urinary tract infection in children: A meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(4):240–250. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70031-1Nicolle LE, Gupta K, Bradley SF, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: 2019 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(10):e83–e110. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1121Ben-David R, Carroll F, Kornitzer E, et al. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and antibiotic resistance profile in children with neurogenic bladder who require clean intermittent catheterization. Spinal Cord. 2022;60(3):256–260. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-021-00679-5Whiting P, Westwood M, Watt I, et al. Rapid tests and urine sampling techniques for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children under five years: A systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2005;5(1):4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-5-4Nicolle LE, Gupta K, Bradley SF, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: 2019 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(10):e83–e110. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1121National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK). Urinary Tract Infection in Children: Diagnosis, Treatment and Long-term Management. London: RCOG Press; 2007.Whiting P, Westwood M, Watt I, et al. Rapid tests and urine sampling techniques for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children under five years: A systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2005;5(1):4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-5-4Vali R, Armstrong IS, Bar-Sever Z, et al. SNMMI procedure standard/EANM practice guideline on pediatric [99mTc]Tc-DMSA renal cortical scintigraphy: an update. Clin Transl Imaging. 2022;10(10):173–184. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40336-022-00484-xNational Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK). Urinary Tract Infection in Children: Diagnosis, Treatment and Long-term Management. London: RCOG Press; 2007.Piñeiro Pérez R, Cilleruelo Ortega MJ, Ares Álvarez J, et al. Recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection. An Pediatr (Engl Ed). 2019;90(6):400.e1–400.e9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.02.009Vali R, Armstrong IS, Bar-Sever Z, et al. SNMMI procedure standard/EANM practice guideline on pediatric [99mTc]Tc-DMSA renal cortical scintigraphy: an update. Clin Transl Imaging. 2022;10(10):173–184. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40336-022-00484-xMegged O. Bacteremic vs nonbacteremic urinary tract infection in children. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(1):36–38. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.09.060Piñeiro Pérez R, Cilleruelo Ortega MJ, Ares Álvarez J, et al. Recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection. An Pediatr (Engl Ed). 2019;90(6):400.e1–400.e9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.02.009Dreger NM, Degener S, Ahmad-Nejad P, et al. Urosepsis — Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(49):837–847; quiz 848. doi: https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2015.0837Megged O. Bacteremic vs nonbacteremic urinary tract infection in children. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(1):36–38. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.09.060Маргиева Т.В., Комарова О.В., Вашурина Т.В. и др. Рекомендации по диагностике и лечению инфекций мочевыводящих путей у детей // Педиатрическая фармакология. — 2016. Т. 13. — № 1. — С. 17–21. — doi: https://doi.org/10.15690/pf.v13i1.1509Dreger NM, Degener S, Ahmad-Nejad P, et al. Urosepsis — Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(49):837–847; quiz 848. doi: https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2015.0837Toffolo A, Ammenti A, Montini G. Long-term clinical consequences of urinary tract infections during childhood: A review. Acta Paediatr. 2012;101(10):1018–1031. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02785.xMargiyeva TV, Komarova OV, Vashurina TV, et al. Recommendations on Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections in Children. Pediatricheskaya farmakologiya — Pediatric pharmacology. 2016;13(1):17–21. (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.15690/pf.v13i1.1509 ]DeMuri GP, Wald ER. Imaging and antimicrobial prophylaxis following the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in children. Pediatr Inf Dis J. 2008;27(6):553–554. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31817a739cToffolo A, Ammenti A, Montini G. Long-term clinical consequences of urinary tract infections during childhood: A review. Acta Paediatr. 2012;101(10):1018–1031. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02785.xZaoutis T, Shaikh N, Fisher BT, et al. Short-Course Therapy for Urinary Tract Infections in Children: The SCOUT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177(8):782–789. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.1979DeMuri GP, Wald ER. Imaging and antimicrobial prophylaxis following the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in children. Pediatr Inf Dis J. 2008;27(6):553–554. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31817a739cHodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD003772. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003772.pub3Zaoutis T, Shaikh N, Fisher BT, et al. Short-Course Therapy for Urinary Tract Infections in Children: The SCOUT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177(8):782–789. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.1979Hewitt IK, Zucchetta P, Rigon L, et al. Early treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children fails to reduce renal scarring: data from the Italian Renal Infection Study trials. Pediatrics. 2008;122(3):486–490. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2894Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD003772. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003772.pub3Fitzgerald A, Mori R, Lakhanpaul M, Tullus K. Аntibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2012(8):CD006857. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006857.pub2Hewitt IK, Zucchetta P, Rigon L, et al. Early treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children fails to reduce renal scarring: data from the Italian Renal Infection Study trials. Pediatrics. 2008;122(3):486–490. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2894Okarska-Napierała M, Wasilewska A, Kuchar E. Urinary tract infection in children: Diagnosis, treatment, imaging – Comparison of current guidelines. J Pediatr Urol. 2017;13(6):567–573. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.07.018Fitzgerald A, Mori R, Lakhanpaul M, Tullus K. Аntibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2012(8):CD006857. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006857.pub2PRIMAXIN® (imipenem and cilastatin) for Injection, for intravenous use. Initial U.S. Approval: 1985. Available online: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/050587s074lbl.pdf. Accessed on January 18, 2025.Okarska-Napierała M, Wasilewska A, Kuchar E. Urinary tract infection in children: Diagnosis, treatment, imaging – Comparison of current guidelines. J Pediatr Urol. 2017;13(6):567–573. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.07.018Iacovelli V, Gaziev G, Topazio L, et al. Nosocomial urinary tract infections: A review. Urologia. 2014;81(4):222–227. doi: https://doi.org/10.5301/uro.5000092PRIMAXIN® (imipenem and cilastatin) for Injection, for intravenous use. Initial U.S. Approval: 1985. Available online: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/050587s074lbl.pdf. Accessed on January 18, 2025.Bonkat G, Bartoletti R, Bruyère F, et al. EAU Guidelines of Urological Infections. European Association of Urology; 2020.Iacovelli V, Gaziev G, Topazio L, et al. Nosocomial urinary tract infections: A review. Urologia. 2014;81(4):222–227. doi: https://doi.org/10.5301/uro.5000092Елисеева Е.В., Азизов И.С., Зубарева Н.А. Обзор международных согласительных рекомендаций по оптимальному использованию полимиксинов // Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. — 2019. — Т. 21. — № 4. — С. 282–309. — doi: https://doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2019.4.282-309Bonkat G, Bartoletti R, Bruyère F, et al. EAU Guidelines of Urological Infections. European Association of Urology; 2020.Tamma PD, Aitken SL, Bonomo RA, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidance on the Treatment of Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase Producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), CarbapenemResistant Enterobacterales (CRE), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Difficult-to-Treat Resistance (DTR-P. aeruginosa). Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(7):e169–e183. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1478Eliseeva EV, Azizov IS, Zubareva NA. Review of the international consensus guidelines for the optimal use of the polymyxins. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2019;21(4):282–309. (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2019.4.282-309]Белобородов Б.В., Гусаров В.Г., Дехнич А.В. и др. Диагностика и антимикробная терапия инфекций, вызванных полирезистентными микроорганизмами. Методические рекомендации Российской некоммерческой общественной организации «Ассоциация анестезиологов-реаниматологов», Межрегиональной общественной организации «Альянс клинических химиотерапевтов и микробиологов», Межрегиональной ассоциации по клинической микробиологии и антимикробной химиотерапии (МАКМАХ), общественной организации «Российский Сепсис Форум» // Вестник анестезиологии и реаниматологии. — 2020. — Т. 17. — № 1. — С. 52–83. — doi: https://doi.org/10.21292/2078-5658-2020-16-1-52-83Tamma PD, Aitken SL, Bonomo RA, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidance on the Treatment of Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase Producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), CarbapenemResistant Enterobacterales (CRE), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Difficult-to-Treat Resistance (DTR-P. aeruginosa). Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(7):e169–e183. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1478Диагностика и антимикробная терапия инфекций, вызванных полирезистентными микроорганизмами: методические рекомендации / Б.В. Белобородов, О.В. Голощапов, В.Г. Гусаров и др. // Антибиотики и антимикробная терапия: вебсайт. — 2022.Beloborodov VB, Gusarov VG, Dekhnich AV, et al. Diagnostics and antimicrobial therapy of the infections caused by multiresistant microorganisms. Guidelines of the Association of Anesthesiologists-Intensivists, the Interregional Non-Governmental Organization Alliance of Clinical Chemotherapists and Microbiologists, the Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (IACMAC), and NGO Russian Sepsis Forum. Messenger of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation. 2020;17(1):52–83. (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.21292/2078-5658-2020-17-1-52-83]Kristich CJ, Rice LB, Arias CA. Enterococcal Infection — Treatment and Antibiotic Resistance. 2014 Feb 6. In: Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection [Internet]. Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, Shankar N, eds. Boston: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; 2014.Diagnostika i antimikrobnaya terapiya infektsii, vyzvannykh polirezistentnymi mikroorganizmami: Guidelines. Beloborodov BV, Goloshchapov OV, Gusarov VG, et al. Antibiotics and antimicrobial therapy: website. 2022.] Доступно по: https://www.antibiotic.ru/files/334/mr-abt.pdf. Ссылка активна на 18.01.2025.Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection [Internet]. Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, Shankar N, eds. Boston: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; 2014.Kristich CJ, Rice LB, Arias CA. Enterococcal Infection — Treatment and Antibiotic Resistance. 2014 Feb 6. In: Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection [Internet]. Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, Shankar N, eds. Boston: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; 2014.Marcus N, Ashkenazi S, Samra Z, et al. Community-acquired enterococcal urinary tract infections in hospitalized children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27(1):109–114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-011-1951-5Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection [Internet]. Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, Shankar N, eds. Boston: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; 2014.Miller WR. Treatment of enterococcal infections. Aug 08, 2024. In: UpToDate: website. Available online: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/grls.aspx. Accessed on January 18, 2024.Marcus N, Ashkenazi S, Samra Z, et al. Community-acquired enterococcal urinary tract infections in hospitalized children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27(1):109–114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-011-1951-5Mercuro NJ, Davis SL, Zervos MJ, Herc ES. Combatting resistant enterococcal infections: a pharmacotherapy review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19(9):979–992. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2018.1479397Miller WR. Treatment of enterococcal infections. Aug 08, 2024. In: UpToDate: website. Available online: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/grls.aspx. Accessed on January 18, 2024.Desai DJ, Gilbert B, McBride CA. Paediatric urinary tract infections: Diagnosis and treatment. Aust Fam Physician. 2016;45(8):558–563.Mercuro NJ, Davis SL, Zervos MJ, Herc ES. Combatting resistant enterococcal infections: a pharmacotherapy review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19(9):979–992. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2018.1479397Андреева И.В., Стецюк О.У., Козлов Р.С. Применение меропенема при лечении тяжелых инфекций у детей // Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. — 2008. — Т. 4. — №10. — С. 322–332.Desai DJ, Gilbert B, McBride CA. Paediatric urinary tract infections: Diagnosis and treatment. Aust Fam Physician. 2016;45(8):558–563.Harbell MW, Barendrick LN, Mi L, et al. Patient Attitudes Toward Acupuncture in the Perioperative Setting. J Integr Complement Med. 2022;28(4):349–354. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/jicm.2021.0311Andreeva IV, Stetsiouk OU, Kozlov RS. Meropenem in the Treatment of Severe Infections in Children. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2008;10(4):322–332. (In Russ).]Millstine D, Chen CY, Bauer B. Complementary and integrative medicine in the management of headache. BMJ. 2017;357:j1805. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j1805Harbell MW, Barendrick LN, Mi L, et al. Patient Attitudes Toward Acupuncture in the Perioperative Setting. J Integr Complement Med. 2022;28(4):349–354. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/jicm.2021.0311van Wietmarschen H, van Steenbergen N, van der Werf E, Baars E. Effectiveness of herbal medicines to prevent and control symptoms of urinary tract infections and to reduce antibiotic use: A literature review. Integr Med Res. 2022;11(4):100892. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2022.100892Millstine D, Chen CY, Bauer B. Complementary and integrative medicine in the management of headache. BMJ. 2017;357:j1805. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j1805Ching CB. Non-antibiotic Approaches to Preventing Pediatric UTIs: a Role for D-Mannose, Cranberry, and Probiotics? Curr Urol Rep. 2022;23(6):113–127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-022-01094-wvan Wietmarschen H, van Steenbergen N, van der Werf E, Baars E. Effectiveness of herbal medicines to prevent and control symptoms of urinary tract infections and to reduce antibiotic use: A literature review. Integr Med Res. 2022;11(4):100892. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2022.100892Bladder infection. Do herbal remedies help with recurrent bladder infection? [Internet]. Cologne (Germany): Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2022.Ching CB. Non-antibiotic Approaches to Preventing Pediatric UTIs: a Role for D-Mannose, Cranberry, and Probiotics? Curr Urol Rep. 2022;23(6):113–127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-022-01094-wHudson RE, Job KM, Sayre CL, et al. Examination of Complementary Medicine for Treating Urinary Tract Infections Among Pregnant Women and Children. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:883216. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.883216Bladder infection. Do herbal remedies help with recurrent bladder infection? [Internet]. Cologne (Germany): Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2022.Сукало А.В., Крохина С.А., Тур Н.И. Применение препарата канефрон в комплексной терапии инфекций мочевой системы у детей // Медицинские новости. — 2004. — № 11. — С. 84.Hudson RE, Job KM, Sayre CL, et al. Examination of Complementary Medicine for Treating Urinary Tract Infections Among Pregnant Women and Children. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:883216. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.883216Кириллов В.И., Руненко В.И., Богданова Н.А., Мстиславская С.А. Влияние комплексной терапии на состояние почек детей с пузырно-мочеточниковым рефлюксом в послеоперационном периоде // Вопросы современной педиатрии. — 2007. — Т. 6. — № 2. — С. 36–41.Sukalo AV, Krokhina SA, Tur NI. Primenenie preparata kanefron v kompleksnoi terapii infektsii mochevoi sistemy u detei. Meditsinskie novosti. 2004;(11):84. (In Russ).]Вознесенская Т.С., Кутафина Е.К. Фитотерапия в лечении инфекции мочевой системы у детей // Педиатрическая фармакология. — 2007. — Т. 4. — № 5. — С. 38–40.Kirillov VI, Runenko VI, Bogdanova NA, Mstislavskaya SA. Complex therapy effect on the status of the children’s kidneys with the vesicoureteral reflux in the post-operation period. Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii — Current Pediatrics. 2007;6(2):36–41. (In Russ).]Длин В.В., Шатохина О.В., Османов И.М., Юрьева Э.А. Эффективность Канефрона Н у детей с дизметаболической нефропатией с оксалатно-кальциевой кристаллурией // Вестник педиатрической фармакологии и нутрициологии. — 2008. — Т. 5. — № 4. — С. 66–69.Voznesenskaya TS, Kutafina YeK. Phytotherapy treatment of urinary tract infection in children. Pediatricheskaya farmakologiya — Pediatric pharmacology. 2007;4(5):38–40. (In Russ).]Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Nephrologie und Arbeitskreis Kinder- und Jugendurologie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Urologie. Interdisziplinäre S2k-Leitlinie: Harnwegsinfektionen im Kindesalter: Diagnostik, Therapie und Prophylaxe. Version 1, 23.08.2021. Available online: https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/anmeldung/1/ll/166-004.html. Accessed on January 18, 2025.Dlin VV, Shatokhina OV, Osmanova IM, Yuriva EA. (2008). Canephron® N effectiveness in children with dysmetabolic nephropathy with oxalate-calcium cristalluria. Vestnik pediatricheskoy farmacologii i nutritsiologii. 2008;5(4):66–69. (In Russ).]Meena J, Thomas CC, Kumar J, et al. Non-antibiotic interventions for prevention of urinary tract infections in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(12):3535–3545. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-04091-2Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Nephrologie und Arbeitskreis Kinder- und Jugendurologie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Urologie. Interdisziplinäre S2k-Leitlinie: Harnwegsinfektionen im Kindesalter: Diagnostik, Therapie und Prophylaxe. Version 1, 23.08.2021. Available online: https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/anmeldung/1/ll/166-004.html. Accessed on January 18, 2025.Fernández-Puentes V, Uberos J, Rodríguez-Belmonte R, et al. (2015). Efficacy and Safety Profile of cranberry in Infants and Children with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection. Pediatr (Barc). 2015;82(6):397–403. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2014.08.012Meena J, Thomas CC, Kumar J, et al. Non-antibiotic interventions for prevention of urinary tract infections in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(12):3535–3545. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-04091-2Ferrara P, Romaniello L, Vitelli O, et al. Cranberry Juice for the Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections: a Randomized Controlled Trial in Children. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2009;43(5):369–372. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/00365590902936698Fernández-Puentes V, Uberos J, Rodríguez-Belmonte R, et al. (2015). Efficacy and Safety Profile of cranberry in Infants and Children with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection. Pediatr (Barc). 2015;82(6):397–403. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2014.08.012Foda MM, Middlebrook PF, Gatfield CT, et al. Efficacy of cranberry in Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection in a Susceptible Pediatric Population. Can J Urol. 1995;2(1):98–102.Ferrara P, Romaniello L, Vitelli O, et al. Cranberry Juice for the Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections: a Randomized Controlled Trial in Children. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2009;43(5):369–372. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/00365590902936698Wan KS, Liu CK, Lee WK, et al. Cranberries for Preventing Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Uncircumcised Boys. Altern Ther Health Med. 2016;22 (6):20–23.Foda MM, Middlebrook PF, Gatfield CT, et al. Efficacy of cranberry in Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection in a Susceptible Pediatric Population. Can J Urol. 1995;2(1):98–102.Williams G, Hahn D, Stephens JH, et al. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;4(4):CD001321. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub6Wan KS, Liu CK, Lee WK, et al. Cranberries for Preventing Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Uncircumcised Boys. Altern Ther Health Med. 2016;22 (6):20–23.Mohseni MJ, Aryan Z, Emamzadeh-Fard S, et al. Combination of Probiotics and Antibiotics in the Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Children. Iran J Pediatr. 2013;23(4):430–438.Williams G, Hahn D, Stephens JH, et al. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;4(4):CD001321. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub6Lee SJ, Cha J, Lee JW. Probiotics Prophylaxis in Pyelonephritis Infants with normal Urinary Tracts. World J Pediatr. 2016;12(4):425–429. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-016-0013-2Mohseni MJ, Aryan Z, Emamzadeh-Fard S, et al. Combination of Probiotics and Antibiotics in the Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Children. Iran J Pediatr. 2013;23(4):430–438.Madden-Fuentes RJ, Arshad M, Ross SS, Seed PC. Efficacy of Fluoroquinolone/Probiotic Combination Therapy for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Children: A Retrospective Analysis. Clin Ther. 2015;37(9):2143–2147. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.06.018Lee SJ, Cha J, Lee JW. Probiotics Prophylaxis in Pyelonephritis Infants with normal Urinary Tracts. World J Pediatr. 2016;12(4):425–429. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-016-0013-2Mattoo TK, Shaikh N, Nelson CP. Contemporary Management of Urinary Tract Infection in Children. Pediatrics. 2021;147(2):e2020012138. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-012138Madden-Fuentes RJ, Arshad M, Ross SS, Seed PC. Efficacy of Fluoroquinolone/Probiotic Combination Therapy for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Children: A Retrospective Analysis. Clin Ther. 2015;37(9):2143–2147. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.06.018Williams GJ, Hodson EH, Isaacs D, Craig JC. Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2012;48(4):296–301. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01925.xMattoo TK, Shaikh N, Nelson CP. Contemporary Management of Urinary Tract Infection in Children. Pediatrics. 2021;147(2):e2020012138. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-012138Korbel L, Howell M, Spencer JD. The clinical diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in children and adolescents. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2017;37(4):273–279. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/20469047.2017.1382046Williams GJ, Hodson EH, Isaacs D, Craig JC. Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2012;48(4):296–301. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01925.xRobinson JL, Finlay JC, Lang ME, Bortolussi R. Prophylactic antibiotics for children with recurrent urinary tract infections. Paediatr Child Health. 2015;20(1):45–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/20.1.45Korbel L, Howell M, Spencer JD. The clinical diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in children and adolescents. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2017;37(4):273–279. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/20469047.2017.1382046Williams G, Craig JC. Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;4(4):CD001534. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001534.pub4Robinson JL, Finlay JC, Lang ME, Bortolussi R. Prophylactic antibiotics for children with recurrent urinary tract infections. Paediatr Child Health. 2015;20(1):45–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/20.1.45Alsubaie SS, Barry MA. Current status of long-term antibiotic prophylaxis for urinary tract infections in children: An antibiotic stewardship challenge. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2019;38(4):441–454. doi: https://doi.org/10.23876/j.krcp.19.091Williams G, Craig JC. Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;4(4):CD001534. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001534.pub4Chen CJ, Satyanarayan A, Schlomer BJ. The use of steroid cream for physiologic phimosis in male infants with a history of UTI and normal renal ultrasound is associated with decreased risk of recurrent UTI. J Pediatr Urol. 2019;15(5):472.e1–472.e6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.06.018Alsubaie SS, Barry MA. Current status of long-term antibiotic prophylaxis for urinary tract infections in children: An antibiotic stewardship challenge. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2019;38(4):441–454. doi: https://doi.org/10.23876/j.krcp.19.091Mattoo TK, Carpenter MA, Moxey-Mims M, Chesney RW. The RIVUR trial: a factual interpretation of our data. Pediatr Nephrol. 2015;30(5):707–712. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-3022-1Chen CJ, Satyanarayan A, Schlomer BJ. The use of steroid cream for physiologic phimosis in male infants with a history of UTI and normal renal ultrasound is associated with decreased risk of recurrent UTI. J Pediatr Urol. 2019;15(5):472.e1–472.e6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.06.018Сафина А.И. Диспансерное наблюдение детей с инфекцией мочевой системы в практике педиатра и детского нефролога // Российский педиатрический журнал. — 2021. — Т. 24. — № 1. — С. 50–55. — doi: https://doi.org/10.46563/1560-9561-96-2021-24-1-50-55Mattoo TK, Carpenter MA, Moxey-Mims M, Chesney RW. The RIVUR trial: a factual interpretation of our data. Pediatr Nephrol. 2015;30(5):707–712. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-3022-1Сафина А. И. Пиелонефрит у детей раннего возраста: современные подходы к диагностике и лечению // Практическая медицина. — 2012. — № 7-1. — С. 50–56.Safina AI. Dispensary observation of children with urinary tract infection in the practice of a pediatrician and pediatric nephrologist. Rossiyskiy Pediatricheskiy Zhurnal = Russian Pediatric Journal. 2021;24(1):50–55. (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.46563/1560-9561-2021-24-1-50-55]Cyriac J, Holden K, Tullus K. How to use… urine dipsticks. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2017;102(3):148–154. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-309083Safina AI. Kazan State Medical Academy Pyelonephritis in young children: a modern approach to diagnosis and treatment. Practical Medicine. 2012;(7- 1):50–56. (In Russ).]Cyriac J, Holden K, Tullus K. How to use… urine dipsticks. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2017;102(3):148–154. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-309083Cyriac J, Holden K, Tullus K. How to use… urine dipsticks. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2017;102(3):148–154. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-309083

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.