ppharmПедиатрическая фармакологияPediatric pharmacology1727-57762500-3089Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»10.15690/pf.v19i4.2442ppharm-2190Research ArticleОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWКишечная микробиота и инверсия снаIntestinal Microbiota and Sleep Inversionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-7280ХавкинА. И.KhavkinAnatoly I.

Хавкин Анатолий Ильич - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, руководитель Московского областного центра детской гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии и абдоминальной хирургии, главный научный сотрудник отдела педиатрии НИКИ детства Министерства здравоохранения Московской области; главный научный сотрудник отдела гастроэнтерологии НИКИ педиатрии им. Ю.Е. Вельтищева, профессор кафедры педиатрии с курсом детских хирургических болезней Медицинского института Белгородского государственного национального исследовательского университета.

115093, Москва, Большая Серпуховская, д. 62.

тел.: +7 (499) 237-02-23

eLibrary SPIN: 6070-9473

MD, PhD.

Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 6070-9473

gastropedclin@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0992-1709НовиковаВ. П.NovikovaValeriya P.

Новикова Валерия Павловна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор.

194100, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2, литера Ж.

телефон: +7 (812) 416-53-07

eLibrary SPIN: 1875-8137

MD, PhD.

Saint Petersburg.

eLibrary SPIN: 1875-8137

novikova-vp@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4461-4322ТрапезниковаА. Ю.TrapeznikovaAnna Yu.

Трапезникова Анна Юрьевна.

194100, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2.

телефон: +7 (911) 114-28-92

eLibrary SPIN: 5409-3164

MD.

Saint Petersburg.

eLibrary SPIN: 5409-3164

anka.solomaha@yandex.ruНИКИ детства; НИКИ педиатрии им. акад. Ю.Е. Вельтищева РНИМУ им. Н.И. ПироговаРоссияResearch and Clinical Institute for Children; Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian FederationСПбГПМУРоссияSaint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical UniversityRussian Federation202204102022194336341Copyright © Хавкин А.И., Новикова В.П., Трапезникова А.Ю., 20222022Хавкин А.И., Новикова В.П., Трапезникова А.Ю.Khavkin A.I., Novikova V.P., Trapeznikova A.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.pedpharma.ru/jour/article/view/2190

Известно, что различные факторы образа жизни человека и окружающей среды влияют на сон. За последнее десятилетие выросло число взрослых людей и детей, страдающих хроническим нарушением сна. Доказано, что недостаток сна и нарушение циркадных ритмов связаны с неблагоприятными метаболическими последствиями для здоровья. Зачастую данные нарушения сочетаются с заболеваниями желудочно-кишечного тракта, сопровождающимися дисбиозом. В последние годы было проведено значительное число исследований на животных моделях, показывающих взаимосвязь между микробиотой кишечника и функциями мозга. На основе их ученые наглядно демонстрировали роль кишечной микробиоты в регулировании работы головного мозга, сна и поведения. Число исследований, проведенных с вовлечением добровольцев, в настоящее время ограниченно. Бактерии, составляющие микробиоту кишечника, оказывают значительное непосредственное влияние на состояние здоровья человека, синтезируя и секретируя биологически активные вещества, такие как витамины, незаменимые аминокислоты, липиды и другие. Также они способны оказывать опосредованное влияние путем модуляции метаболических процессов и иммунной системы. Изменения в микробном разнообразии кишечника происходят при недостатке сна и смещении циркадных ритмов, что способно привести к изменениям в структуре и функциях микроорганизмов, живущих в кишечнике. Это, в свою очередь, может привести к изменению в составе и количестве синтезируемых данными микроорганизмами метаболитов (таких как короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты и вторичные желчные кислоты), что способствует развитию хронического воспаления, увеличению массы тела и эндокринным изменениям. В данной статье представлен обзор литературы, посвященный вопросам взаимовлияния микробиоты кишечника и процессов, происходящих во время сна.

Various human lifestyle and environmental factors are known to influence sleep. The number of adults and children suffering from chronic sleep disorders has grown over the past decade. Lack of sleep and impaired circadian rhythms have been proven to be associated with adverse metabolic health effects. Often, such disorders are associated with gastrointestinal tract diseases, and accompanied by dysbiosis. Significant number of studies have been conducted on animal models in recent years. They have shown the correlation between the gut microbiota and brain functions. According to these results scientists have clearly demonstrated the role of gut microbiota in regulating brain function, sleep, and behavior. The number of studies with volunteers is currently limited. The bacteria forming gut microbiota have significant impact on human health by synthesizing and secreting biologically active substances such as vitamins, essential amino acids, lipids, and others. Moreover, they have an indirect effect by modulating metabolic processes and the immune system. Changes in gut microbiota diversity occur due to the lack of sleep and shifting circadian rhythms, and it can lead to changes in the structure and function of microorganisms living in the gut. This can lead to changes in the composition and number of metabolites synthesized by these microorganisms (such as short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids) which contributes to the development of chronic inflammation, increased body weight and endocrine changes. This article provides the literature review on issues of interaction between gut microbiota and processes occurring during sleep.

сонциркадный ритммикробиота кишечникамикроРНКГАМКsleepcircadian rhythmgut microbiotamiRNAGABAReferencesBenedict C, Vogel H, Jonas W, et al. Gut microbiota and glucomet-abolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals. Mol Metab. 2016;5(12):1175-1186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.003Benedict C, Vogel H, Jonas W, et al. Gut microbiota and glucomet-abolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals. Mol Metab. 2016;5(12):1175-1186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.003Bowers SJ, Vargas F, Gonzalez A, et al. Repeated Sleep Disruption in Mice Leads to Persistent Shifts in the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome. PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0229001. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ponne.022900Bowers SJ, Vargas F, Gonzalez A, et al. Repeated Sleep Disruption in Mice Leads to Persistent Shifts in the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome. PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0229001. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ponne.022900Bridgman SL, Kozyrskyj AL, Scott JA, et al. Gut microbiota and allergic disease in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016(2);116:99-105. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2015.10.001Bridgman SL, Kozyrskyj AL, Scott JA, et al. Gut microbiota and allergic disease in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016(2);116:99-105. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2015.10.001Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Effect of short sleep duration on daily activities — United States, 2005-2008. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(8):239-242.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Effect of short sleep duration on daily activities — United States, 2005-2008. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(8):239-242.Cox LM, Yamanishi S, Sohn J, et al. Altering the intestinal microbiota during a critical developmental window has lasting metabolic consequences. Cell. 2014;158(4):705-721. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.052Cox LM, Yamanishi S, Sohn J, et al. Altering the intestinal microbiota during a critical developmental window has lasting metabolic consequences. Cell. 2014;158(4):705-721. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.052Dalile B, Van Oudenhove L, Vervliet B, Verbeke K. The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(8):461-478. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-019-0157-3Dalile B, Van Oudenhove L, Vervliet B, Verbeke K. The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(8):461-478. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-019-0157-3Chih-Yuan K, Qing-Quan L, Huan-Zhang S, et al. Gut microbiota in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: disease-related dysbiosis and metabolic comorbidities. Clin Sci. 2019;133(7):905-917. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20180891Chih-Yuan K, Qing-Quan L, Huan-Zhang S, et al. Gut microbiota in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: disease-related dysbiosis and metabolic comorbidities. Clin Sci. 2019;133(7):905-917. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20180891Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, et al. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science. 2005;308(5728):1635-1638. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110591Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, et al. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science. 2005;308(5728):1635-1638. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110591Fouhy F, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, et al. Composition of the early intestinal microbiota. Gut Microbes. 2012;3(3):203-220. doi: https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.20169Fouhy F, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, et al. Composition of the early intestinal microbiota. Gut Microbes. 2012;3(3):203-220. doi: https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.20169Gao T, Wang Z, Dong Y, et al. Role of melatonin in sleep deprivation-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice. J Pineal Res. 2019;67(1):e12574. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12574Gao T, Wang Z, Dong Y, et al. Role of melatonin in sleep deprivation-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice. J Pineal Res. 2019;67(1):e12574. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12574Halal CSE, Matijasevich A, Howe LD, et al. Short sleep duration in the first years of life and obesity/overweight at age 4 years: a birth cohort study. J Pediatr. 2016;168:99-103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.074Halal CSE, Matijasevich A, Howe LD, et al. Short sleep duration in the first years of life and obesity/overweight at age 4 years: a birth cohort study. J Pediatr. 2016;168:99-103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.074Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: an unmet public health problem (2, Sleep Physiology). Institute of Medicine (US) committee on sleep medicine and research. Colten HR, Altevogt BM, eds. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US); 2006. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/11617Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: an unmet public health problem (2, Sleep Physiology). Institute of Medicine (US) committee on sleep medicine and research. Colten HR, Altevogt BM, eds. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US); 2006. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/11617Kinnucan JA, Rubin DT, Ali T. Sleep and inflammatory bowel disease: exploring the relationship between sleep disturbances and inflammation. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2013;9(11):718-727.Kinnucan JA, Rubin DT, Ali T. Sleep and inflammatory bowel disease: exploring the relationship between sleep disturbances and inflammation. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2013;9(11):718-727.Irwin MR. Sleep and inflammation: partners in sickness and in health. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19(11):702-715. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0190-zIrwin MR. Sleep and inflammation: partners in sickness and in health. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19(11):702-715. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0190-zKonturek PC, Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ. Gut clock:implicationof circadian rhythms in the gastrointestinal tract. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011;62(2):139-150.Konturek PC, Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ. Gut clock:implicationof circadian rhythms in the gastrointestinal tract. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011;62(2):139-150.Kozyrskyj AL, Bridgman SL, Tun HM. The impact of birth and postnatal medical interventions on infant gut microbiota. In: Microbiota in health and disease: from pregnancy to childhood. Browne PD, Claassen E, Cabana MD, eds. 2017. pp. 79-104. doi: https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-839-1_4Kozyrskyj AL, Bridgman SL, Tun HM. The impact of birth and postnatal medical interventions on infant gut microbiota. In: Microbiota in health and disease: from pregnancy to childhood. Browne PD, Claassen E, Cabana MD, eds. 2017. pp. 79-104. doi: https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-839-1_4Kozyrskyj AL, Kendall GE, Zubrick SR, et al. Frequent nocturnal awakening in early life is associated with nonatopic asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(6):1288-1295. doi: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00040509Kozyrskyj AL, Kendall GE, Zubrick SR, et al. Frequent nocturnal awakening in early life is associated with nonatopic asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(6):1288-1295. doi: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00040509Kunz D, Mahlberg R, Muller C, et al. Melatonin in patients with reduced REM sleep duration: two randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(1):128-134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021057Kunz D, Mahlberg R, Muller C, et al. Melatonin in patients with reduced REM sleep duration: two randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(1):128-134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021057Kunze KN, Hanlon EC, Prachand VN, Brady MJ. Peripheral circadian misalignment: contributor to systemic insulin resistance and potential intervention to improve bariatric surgical outcomes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2016;311(3):R558-R563. doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00175.2016Kunze KN, Hanlon EC, Prachand VN, Brady MJ. Peripheral circadian misalignment: contributor to systemic insulin resistance and potential intervention to improve bariatric surgical outcomes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2016;311(3):R558-R563. doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00175.2016Landman C, Quevrain E. Gut microbiota: description, role and pathophysiologic implications. Rev Med Interne. 2016;37(6):418-423. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmed.2015.12.012Landman C, Quevrain E. Gut microbiota: description, role and pathophysiologic implications. Rev Med Interne. 2016;37(6):418-423. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmed.2015.12.012Li Y, Hao Y, Fan F, Zhang B. The role of microbiome in insomnia, circadian disturbance and depression. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:669. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00669Li Y, Hao Y, Fan F, Zhang B. The role of microbiome in insomnia, circadian disturbance and depression. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:669. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00669Liang X, Bushman FD, FitzGerald GA. Rhythmicity of the intestinal microbiota is regulated by gender and the host circadian clock. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2015;112(33):10479-10484. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501305112Liang X, Bushman FD, FitzGerald GA. Rhythmicity of the intestinal microbiota is regulated by gender and the host circadian clock. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2015;112(33):10479-10484. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501305112Luyster FS, Strollo PJ, Zee PC, et al. Sleep: a health imperative. Sleep. 2012;35(6):727-734. doi: https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1846Luyster FS, Strollo PJ, Zee PC, et al. Sleep: a health imperative. Sleep. 2012;35(6):727-734. doi: https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1846Boulange CL, Neves AL, Chilloux J, et al. Impact of the GM on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic disease. Genome Med. 2016;8(1):42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0303-2Boulange CL, Neves AL, Chilloux J, et al. Impact of the GM on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic disease. Genome Med. 2016;8(1):42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0303-2Moreno-Indias I, Torres M, Montserrat JM, et al. Intermittent hypoxia alters gut microbiota diversity in a mouse model of sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(4):1055-1065. doi: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00184314Moreno-Indias I, Torres M, Montserrat JM, et al. Intermittent hypoxia alters gut microbiota diversity in a mouse model of sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(4):1055-1065. doi: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00184314Poroyko VA, Carreras A, Khalyfa A, et al. Chronic sleep disruption alters gut microbiota, induces systemic and adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. Sci Rep. 2016;6:35405. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35405Poroyko VA, Carreras A, Khalyfa A, et al. Chronic sleep disruption alters gut microbiota, induces systemic and adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. Sci Rep. 2016;6:35405. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35405Parkar SG, Kalsbeek A, Cheeseman JF. Potential role for the gut microbiota in modulating host circadian rhythms and metabolic health. Microorganisms. 2019;7(2):41. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7020041Parkar SG, Kalsbeek A, Cheeseman JF. Potential role for the gut microbiota in modulating host circadian rhythms and metabolic health. Microorganisms. 2019;7(2):41. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7020041Robles-Vera I, Toral M, Romero M, et al. Antihypertensive effects of probiotics. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2017;19(4):26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-017-0723-4Robles-Vera I, Toral M, Romero M, et al. Antihypertensive effects of probiotics. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2017;19(4):26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-017-0723-4Singh RK, Chang HW, Yan D, et al. Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J Transl Med. 2017;15(1):73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-017-1175-ySingh RK, Chang HW, Yan D, et al. Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J Transl Med. 2017;15(1):73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-017-1175-ySmith RP, Easson C, Lyle SM, et al. Gut microbiome diversity is associated with sleep physiology in humans. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):e0222394. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journalSmith RP, Easson C, Lyle SM, et al. Gut microbiome diversity is associated with sleep physiology in humans. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):e0222394. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journalRisnes KR, Belanger K, Murk W, Bracken MB. Antibiotic exposure by 6 months and asthma and allergy at 6 years findings in a cohort of 1,401 US children. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(3):310-318. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq400Risnes KR, Belanger K, Murk W, Bracken MB. Antibiotic exposure by 6 months and asthma and allergy at 6 years findings in a cohort of 1,401 US children. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(3):310-318. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq400Sonnenburg J, Sonnenburg E. Assembling Our Lifelong Community of Companions. In: The Good Gut. Taking Control of Your Weight, Your Mood, and Your Long-Term Health. New York: Penguin Publishing Group; 2015. pp. 45-57.Sonnenburg J, Sonnenburg E. Assembling Our Lifelong Community of Companions. In: The Good Gut. Taking Control of Your Weight, Your Mood, and Your Long-Term Health. New York: Penguin Publishing Group; 2015. pp. 45-57.Tobaldini E, Costantino G, Solbiati M, et al. Sleep, sleep deprivation, autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;74(Pt B):321-329. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.004Tobaldini E, Costantino G, Solbiati M, et al. Sleep, sleep deprivation, autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;74(Pt B):321-329. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.004Vinolo MA, Rodrigues HG, Nachbar RT, Curi R. Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids. Nutrients. 2011;3(10):858-876. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu3100858Vinolo MA, Rodrigues HG, Nachbar RT, Curi R. Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids. Nutrients. 2011;3(10):858-876. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu3100858Voigt RM, Forsyth CB, Green SJ, et al. Circadian rhythm and the gut microbiome. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2016;131:193-205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2016.07.002Voigt RM, Forsyth CB, Green SJ, et al. Circadian rhythm and the gut microbiome. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2016;131:193-205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2016.07.002Wu G, Tang W, He Y, et al. Light exposure influences the diurnal oscillation of gut microbiota in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;501(1):16-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.095Wu G, Tang W, He Y, et al. Light exposure influences the diurnal oscillation of gut microbiota in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;501(1):16-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.095Zhang SL, Bai L, Goel N, et al. Human and rat gut microbiome composition is maintained following sleep restriction. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2017;114(8):E1564-E1571. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620673114Zhang SL, Bai L, Goel N, et al. Human and rat gut microbiome composition is maintained following sleep restriction. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2017;114(8):E1564-E1571. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620673114Game ME, Chatterjee S, Abel T. Sleep deprivation and the epigenome. Front Neural Circuits. 2018;12:14. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fe.cir.2018.00014Game ME, Chatterjee S, Abel T. Sleep deprivation and the epigenome. Front Neural Circuits. 2018;12:14. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fe.cir.2018.00014Grinkevich LN. The role of microRNAs in learning and long-term memory. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii. 2020;24(8):885-896. doi: https://doi.org/10.18699/VJ20.687Grinkevich LN. The role of microRNAs in learning and long-term memory. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii. 2020;24(8):885-896. doi: https://doi.org/10.18699/VJ20.687Nilsson EK, Bostrom AE, Mwinyi J, Schioth HB. Epigenomics of total acute sleep deprivation in relation to genome-wide DNA methylation profiles and RNA expression. OMICS. 2016;20(6):334-342. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2016.0041Nilsson EK, Bostrom AE, Mwinyi J, Schioth HB. Epigenomics of total acute sleep deprivation in relation to genome-wide DNA methylation profiles and RNA expression. OMICS. 2016;20(6):334-342. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2016.0041Saus E, Soria V, Escaramis G, et al. Genetic variants and abnormal processing of pre-miR-182, a circadian clock modulator, in major depression patients with late insomnia. Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19(20):4017-4025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093hmgddq316Saus E, Soria V, Escaramis G, et al. Genetic variants and abnormal processing of pre-miR-182, a circadian clock modulator, in major depression patients with late insomnia. Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19(20):4017-4025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093hmg ddq316Karabulut S, Korkmaz Bayramov K, Bayramov R, et al. Effects of post-learning REM sleep deprivation on hippocampal plasticity-related genes and microRNA in mice. Behav Brain Res. 2019;361:7-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.045Karabulut S, Korkmaz Bayramov K, Bayramov R, et al. Effects of post-learning REM sleep deprivation on hippocampal plasticity-related genes and microRNA in mice. Behav Brain Res. 2019;361:7-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.045Aten S, Hansen KF, Snider K, et al. miR-132 couples the circadian clock to daily rhythms of neuronal plasticity and cognition. Learn Mem. 2015;25(5):214-229. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101Im.047191.117Aten S, Hansen KF, Snider K, et al. miR-132 couples the circadian clock to daily rhythms of neuronal plasticity and cognition. Learn Mem. 2015;25(5):214-229. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101Im.047191.117Havekes R, Abel T. The tired hippocampus: the molecular impact of sleep deprivation on hippocampal function. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2017:44:13-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccmb.2017.02.005Havekes R, Abel T. The tired hippocampus: the molecular impact of sleep deprivation on hippocampal function. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2017:44:13-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccmb.2017.02.005Murphy CP, Singewald N. Potential of microRNAs as novel targets in the alleviation of pathological fear. Genes Brain Behav. 2018;17(3):el2427. doi: https://doi.org/10.11ll/gbb.12427Murphy CP, Singewald N. Potential of microRNAs as novel targets in the alleviation of pathological fear. Genes Brain Behav. 2018;17(3):el2427. doi: https://doi.org/10.11ll/gbb.12427Dinan K, Dinan TG. Gut Microbes and Neuropathology: Is There a Causal Nexus? Pathogens. 2022;11(7):796. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11070796Dinan K, Dinan TG. Gut Microbes and Neuropathology: Is There a Causal Nexus? Pathogens. 2022;11(7):796. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11070796

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.