ppharmПедиатрическая фармакологияPediatric pharmacology1727-57762500-3089Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»10.15690/pf.v19i3.2481ppharm-2175Research ArticleОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИORIGINAL ARTICLESЛептин и эпикардиальный жир: новые маркеры псориаза у детей? Проспективное одномоментное исследованиеLeptin and Epicardial Fat: New Markers of Psoriasis in Children? Prospective Cross-Sectional Studyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-8936АмбарчянЭ. Т.AmbarchyanEduard T.

Амбарчян Эдуард Тигранович, кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий отделением дерматологии

117593, Москва, Литовский бульвар, д. 1а

eLibrary SPIN: 4878-5562

 

1а Litovsky bulvar, 117593 Moscow

eLibrary SPIN: 4878-5562

edo_amb@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-7531Намазова-БарановаЛ. С.Namazova-BaranovaLeila S.

Намазова-Баранова Лейла Сеймуровна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик Российской академии наук

Москва, Белгород

eLibrary SPIN: 1312-2147

 

Moscow, Belgorod

MD, PhD, Professor, Academician of the RAS

eLibrary SPIN: 1312-2147

 

leyla.s.namazova@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2252-8570МурашкинН. Н.MurashkinNikolay N.

Мурашкин Николай Николаевич, доктор медицинских наук, профессор

Москва

eLibrary SPIN: 5906-9724

 

Moscow

MD, PhD, Professor

eLibrary SPIN: 5906-9724

 

m_nn2001@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7398-0562ВишневаЕ. А.VishnevaElena A.

Вишнева Елена Александровна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор

Москва

eLibrary SPIN: 1109-2810

 

Moscow

MD, PhD, Professor

eLibrary SPIN: 1109-2810

 

vishneva.e@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7834-213XРевуненковГ. В.RevunenkovGrigoriy V.

Ревуненков Григорий Валерьевич, кандидат медицинских наук

Москва

eLibrary SPIN: 9754-3642

 

Moscow

MD, PhD

eLibrary SPIN: 9754-3642

 

rgv07@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7763-5085ОвсяникН. Г.OvsyanikNatalya G.

Овсяник Наталья Геннадьевна

Москва

Moscow

natalliaausianik@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-3119ИванчиковВ. В.IvanchikovVladislav V.

Иванчиков Владислав Владимирович

Москва

eLibrary SPIN: 1078-5850

 

Moscow

eLibrary SPIN: 1078-5850

 

awdawd22@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3003-9398КузьминоваА. Д.KuzminovaAnastasia D.

Кузьминова Анастасия Дмитриевна

Москва

eLibrary SPIN: 7014-2239

 

Moscow

eLibrary SPIN: 7014-2239

 

kuzminova_derma@mail.ruНИИ педиатрии и охраны здоровья детей НКЦ №2 ФГБНУ «РНЦХ им. акад. Б.В. Петровского»РоссияPediatrics and Child Health Research Institute in Petrovsky National Research Centre of SurgeryRussian FederationНИИ педиатрии и охраны здоровья детей НКЦ №2 ФГБНУ «РНЦХ им. акад. Б.В. Петровского»; Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова; Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университетРоссияPediatrics and Child Health Research Institute in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Belgorod National Research UniversityRussian FederationНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детейРоссияNational Medical Research Center of Children’s HealthRussian FederationНИИ педиатрии и охраны здоровья детей НКЦ №2 ФГБНУ «РНЦХ им. акад. Б.В. Петровского»; Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. ПироговаРоссияPediatrics and Child Health Research Institute in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian Federation202205072022193242249Copyright © Амбарчян Э.Т., Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Мурашкин Н.Н., Вишнева Е.А., Ревуненков Г.В., Овсяник Н.Г., Иванчиков В.В., Кузьминова А.Д., 20222022Амбарчян Э.Т., Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Мурашкин Н.Н., Вишнева Е.А., Ревуненков Г.В., Овсяник Н.Г., Иванчиков В.В., Кузьминова А.Д.Ambarchyan E.T., Namazova-Baranova L.S., Murashkin N.N., Vishneva E.A., Revunenkov G.V., Ovsyanik N.G., Ivanchikov V.V., Kuzminova A.D.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.pedpharma.ru/jour/article/view/2175Обоснование

Обоснование. Псориаз является полигенным многофакторным иммуноопосредованным заболеванием, течение которого осложняется при сопутствующем ожирении. В последнее время наблюдается негативная тенденция, характеризующаяся увеличением числа среднетяжелого и тяжелого псориаза среди пациентов детского возраста, значительная часть которых страдает ожирением. Выявление факторов, играющих роль при этих двух состояниях, позволит нам усовершенствовать и оптимизировать генно-инженерную биологическую терапию данной категории пациентов.

Цель исследования — провести оценку толщины эпикардиальной жировой ткани, уровня лептина в сыворотке крови, оценить пищевое поведение на основании интерпретации данных детского опросника пищевого поведения (CEBQ) у пациентов с псориазом и ожирением и сравнить полученные результаты с данными в группе контроля, которую составили пациенты с псориазом и без сопутствующего ожирения.

Результаты

Результаты. Всего было обследовано 12 пациентов с установленным диагнозом «псориаз», из которых 5 имели установленный диагноз «ожирение». В исследуемой группе пациентов с псориазом и ожирением утолщения эпикардиальной жировой ткани регистрировалось в 20% случаев, в группе контроля утолщения эпикардиальной жировой ткани выявлено не было. У пациентов с ожирением и псориазом было выявлено повышение уровня лептина в сыворотке крови в 100% случаев, в группе контроля только в 14% случаев выявлялось повышение уровня лептина. Средний уровень лептина у пациентов с ожирением составил 16,65 нг/мл, в группе с нормальной массой тела — 7,08 нг/мл. Пациенты с ожирением демонстрировали более высокие показатели в группе шкал «пищевого подхода», чем пациенты с нормальной массой тела.

Заключение

Заключение. Пациенты с ожирением и псориазом продемонстрировали повышенный уровень лептина, большую частоту встречаемости утолщения эпикардиальной жировой ткани и склонность к развитию патологического пищевого поведения.

Background

Background. Psoriasis is a polygenic multifactorial immune-mediated disease. Its course can be aggravated by associated obesity. Recently, there is negative trend that is characterized by the increase in the number of moderate to severe psoriasis cases among children, and majority of them have obesity. Identification of factors that that are relevant in these two conditions will allow us to improve and optimize the genetically engineered biological therapy for this category of patients.

Objective

Objective. The aim of the study is to evaluate epicardial adipose tissue thickness, serum leptin levels, eating behavior via the data from Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) for patients with psoriasis and obesity, and compare the results with control group – patients with psoriasis and no associated obesity.

Results

Results. We have studied 12 patients with established diagnosis of psoriasis, 5 of them had diagnosis of obesity. Epicardial fat thickening was revealed in 20% of cases in the study group (patients with psoriasis and obesity), and no epicardial fat thickening was revealed in the control group. The increase in serum leptin was revealed in 100% of cases in obese patients with psoriasis, and only in 14% of cases in the control group. The mean leptin level in obese patients was 16.65 ng/ml, in the group with normal body weight – 7.08 ng/ml. Obese patients have shown higher values in “food approach” scales group in comparison to normal weight patients.

Conclusion

Conclusion. Patients with obesity and psoriasis has shown elevated leptin levels, higher incidence of epicardial fat thickening, and tendency to develop abnormal eating behavior.

псориазэпикардиальный жирдетилептинпищевое поведениеэхокардиографиягенно-инженерные биологические препаратыpsoriasisepicardial fatchildrenleptineating behaviourechocardiographygenetically engineered biological drugsReferencesGisondi P, Fostini AC, Fossa I, et al. Psoriasis and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Dermatol. 2018;36(1):21–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.09.005Gisondi P, Fostini AC, Fossa I, et al. Psoriasis and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Dermatol. 2018;36(1):21–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.09.005Miller IM, Ellervik C, Yazdanyar S, Jemec GB. Metaanalysis of psoriasis, cardiovascular disease, and associated risk factors. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(6):1014–1024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.053Miller IM, Ellervik C, Yazdanyar S, Jemec GB. Metaanalysis of psoriasis, cardiovascular disease, and associated risk factors. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(6):1014–1024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.053Caiazzo G, Fabbrocini G, Di Caprio R, et al. Psoriasis, Cardiovascular Events, and Biologics: Lights and Shadows. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1668. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01668Caiazzo G, Fabbrocini G, Di Caprio R, et al. Psoriasis, Cardiovascular Events, and Biologics: Lights and Shadows. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1668. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01668Jensen P, Skov L. Psoriasis and Obesity. Dermatology. 2016;232(6):633–639. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000455840Jensen P, Skov L. Psoriasis and Obesity. Dermatology. 2016;232(6):633–639. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000455840DeBoer MD. Assessing and Managing the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1788. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081788DeBoer MD. Assessing and Managing the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1788. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081788Wang X, Guo Z, Zhu Z, et al. Epicardial fat tissue in patients with psoriasis:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15:103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0271-yWang X, Guo Z, Zhu Z, et al. Epicardial fat tissue in patients with psoriasis:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15:103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0271-yWei M, Gaskill SP, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Waist circumference as the best predictor of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) compared to body mass index, waist/hip ratio and other anthropometric measurements in Mexican Americans — A 7-year prospective study. Obes Res. 1997;5(1):16–23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00278.xWei M, Gaskill SP, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Waist circumference as the best predictor of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) compared to body mass index, waist/hip ratio and other anthropometric measurements in Mexican Americans — A 7-year prospective study. Obes Res. 1997;5(1):16–23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00278.xGronemeyer SA, Steen RG, Kauffman WM, et al. Fast adipose tissue (FAT) assessment by MRI. Magn Reson Imaging. 2000;18(7):815– 818. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0730-725X(00)00168-5Gronemeyer SA, Steen RG, Kauffman WM, et al. Fast adipose tissue (FAT) assessment by MRI. Magn Reson Imaging. 2000;18(7):815– 818. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0730-725X(00)00168-5Armellini F, Zamboni M, Robbi R, et al. Total and intra-abdominal fat measurements by ultrasound and computerized tomography. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993;17(4):209–214.Armellini F, Zamboni M, Robbi R, et al. Total and intra-abdominal fat measurements by ultrasound and computerized tomography. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993;17(4):209–214.Abe T, Kawakami Y, Sugita M, et al. Use of B-mode ultrasound for visceral fat mass evaluation: Comparisons with magnetic resonance imaging. Appl Hum Sci. 1995;14(3):133–139. doi: https://doi.org/10.2114/ahs.14.133Abe T, Kawakami Y, Sugita M, et al. Use of B-mode ultrasound for visceral fat mass evaluation: Comparisons with magnetic resonance imaging. Appl Hum Sci. 1995;14(3):133–139. doi: https://doi.org/10.2114/ahs.14.133Iacobellis G, Assael F, Ribaudo MC, et al. Epicardial fat from echocardiography: A new method for visceral adipose tissue prediction. Obes Res. 2003;11(2):304–310. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.45Iacobellis G, Assael F, Ribaudo MC, et al. Epicardial fat from echocardiography: A new method for visceral adipose tissue prediction. Obes Res. 2003;11(2):304–310. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.45Iacobellis G. Epicardial and pericardial fat: Close, but very different. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(4):625. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.575Iacobellis G. Epicardial and pericardial fat: Close, but very different. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(4):625. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.575Iacobellis G, Bianco AC. Epicardial adipose tissue: Emerging physiological, pathophysiological and clinical features. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2011;22(11):450–457. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2011.07.003Iacobellis G, Bianco AC. Epicardial adipose tissue: Emerging physiological, pathophysiological and clinical features. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2011;22(11):450–457. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2011.07.003Sacks HS, Fain JN, Holman B, et al. Uncoupling Protein-1 and related mRNAs in human epicardial and other adipose tissues: Epicardial fat functioning as brown fat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(9):3611– 3615. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0571Sacks HS, Fain JN, Holman B, et al. Uncoupling Protein-1 and related mRNAs in human epicardial and other adipose tissues: Epicardial fat functioning as brown fat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(9):3611– 3615. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0571Iacobellis G. Local and systemic effects of the multifaceted epicardial adipose tissue depot. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11(6):363– 371. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2015.58Iacobellis G. Local and systemic effects of the multifaceted epicardial adipose tissue depot. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11(6):363– 371. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2015.58Villasante Fricke AC, Iacobellis G. Epicardial Adipose Tissue: Clinical Biomarker of Cardio-Metabolic Risk. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(23):5989. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235989Villasante Fricke AC, Iacobellis G. Epicardial Adipose Tissue: Clinical Biomarker of Cardio-Metabolic Risk. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(23):5989. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235989Huh JY, Park YJ, Ham M, Kim JB. Crosstalk between adipocytes and immune cells in adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in obesity. Mol Cells. 2014;37(5):365–371. doi: https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2014.0074Huh JY, Park YJ, Ham M, Kim JB. Crosstalk between adipocytes and immune cells in adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in obesity. Mol Cells. 2014;37(5):365–371. doi: https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2014.0074Ahima RS, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2000;11(8):327–332. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00301-5Ahima RS, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2000;11(8):327–332. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00301-5Farr OM, Gavrieli A, Mantzoros CS. Leptin applications in 2015: what have we learned about leptin and obesity? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015;22(5):353–359. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000184Farr OM, Gavrieli A, Mantzoros CS. Leptin applications in 2015: what have we learned about leptin and obesity? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015;22(5):353–359. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000184Gruzdeva O, Borodkina D, Uchasova E, et al. Leptin resistance: underlying mechanisms and diagnosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019;12:191–198. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S182406Gruzdeva O, Borodkina D, Uchasova E, et al. Leptin resistance: underlying mechanisms and diagnosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019;12:191–198. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S182406Banks WA. Role of the blood-brain barrier in the evolution of feeding and cognition. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1264(1):13–19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06568.xBanks WA. Role of the blood-brain barrier in the evolution of feeding and cognition. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1264(1):13–19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06568.xBerger C, Kloting N. Leptin Receptor Compound Heterozygosity in Humans and Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(9):4475. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094475Berger C, Kloting N. Leptin Receptor Compound Heterozygosity in Humans and Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(9):4475. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094475Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL. 20 years of leptin: role of leptin in energy homeostasis in humans. J Endocrinol. 2014;223(1):T83– T96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-14-0358Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL. 20 years of leptin: role of leptin in energy homeostasis in humans. J Endocrinol. 2014;223(1):T83– T96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-14-0358Suzukawa M, Nagase H, Ogahara I, et al. Leptin enhances survival and induces migration, degranulation, and cytokine synthesis of human basophils. J Immunol. 2011;186(9):5254–5260. doi: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1004054Suzukawa M, Nagase H, Ogahara I, et al. Leptin enhances survival and induces migration, degranulation, and cytokine synthesis of human basophils. J Immunol. 2011;186(9):5254–5260. doi: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1004054Mattioli B, Straface E, Quaranta MG, et al. Leptin promotes differentiation and survival of human dendritic cells and licenses them for Th1 priming. J Immunol. 2005;174(11):6820–6828. doi: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6820Mattioli B, Straface E, Quaranta MG, et al. Leptin promotes differentiation and survival of human dendritic cells and licenses them for Th1 priming. J Immunol. 2005;174(11):6820–6828. doi: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6820Hwang J, Yoo JA, Yoon H, et al. The Role of Leptin in the Association between Obesity and Psoriasis. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2021;29(1):11– 21. doi: https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2020.054Hwang J, Yoo JA, Yoon H, et al. The Role of Leptin in the Association between Obesity and Psoriasis. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2021;29(1):11– 21. doi: https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2020.054Poeggeler B, Schulz C, Pappolla MA, et al. Leptin and the skin: a new frontier. Exp Dermatol. 2010;19(1):12–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00930.xPoeggeler B, Schulz C, Pappolla MA, et al. Leptin and the skin: a new frontier. Exp Dermatol. 2010;19(1):12–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00930.xKyriakou A, Patsatsi A, Sotiriadis D, Goulis D. Effects of treatment for psoriasis on circulating levels of leptin, adiponectin and resistin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(2):273–281. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16437Kyriakou A, Patsatsi A, Sotiriadis D, Goulis D. Effects of treatment for psoriasis on circulating levels of leptin, adiponectin and resistin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(2):273–281. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16437Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Мурашкин Н.Н., Амбарчян Э.Т., Материкин А.И. Системная терапия псориаза в детском возрасте (часть II): вопросы биологической терапии // Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. — 2017. — Т. 93. — № 6. — С. 100–107. — doi: https://doi.org/10.25208/0042-46092017-93-6-100-107Namazova-Baranova LS, Murashkin NN, Ambarchian ET, Materikin AI. Systemic Psoriasis Treatment at an Early Age (Part II): Issues of Biological Therapy. Vestnik Dermatologii i Venerologii. 2017;93(6):100–107. (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.25208/0042-4609-2017-93-6-100-107Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Мурашкин Н.Н., Амбарчян Э.Т., Материкин А.И. Системная терапия псориаза в детском возрасте (часть I) // Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. — 2017. — Т. 93. — № 4. — С. 74–81. — doi: https://doi.org/10.15690/pf.v15i4.1946Namazova-Baranova LS, Murashkin NN, Ambarchian ET, Materikin AI. System therapy of psoriasis in children (part I). Vestnik Dermatologii i Venerologii. 2017;93(4):74–81 (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.15690/pf.v15i4.1946Kaushik SB, Lebwohl MG. CME Part I Psoriasis: Which Therapy for Which Patient Psoriasis comorbidities and preferred systemic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(1):27–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.06.057Kaushik SB, Lebwohl MG. CME Part I Psoriasis: Which Therapy for Which Patient Psoriasis comorbidities and preferred systemic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(1):27–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.06.057Renzo LD, Saraceno R, Schipani C, et al. Prospective assessment of body weight and body composition changes in patients with psoriasis receiving anti-TNF-α treatment. Dermatol Ther. 2011;24(4):446– 451. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2011.01439.xRenzo LD, Saraceno R, Schipani C, et al. Prospective assessment of body weight and body composition changes in patients with psoriasis receiving anti-TNF-α treatment. Dermatol Ther. 2011;24(4):446– 451. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2011.01439.xGisondi P, Conti A, Galdo G, et al. Ustekinumab does not increase body mass index in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: a prospective cohort study. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168(5):1124–1127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12235Gisondi P, Conti A, Galdo G, et al. Ustekinumab does not increase body mass index in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: a prospective cohort study. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168(5):1124–1127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12235Papp KA, Reich K, Paul C, et al. A prospective phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of brodalumab in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(2):273–286. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14493Papp KA, Reich K, Paul C, et al. A prospective phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of brodalumab in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(2):273–286. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14493Fujino A, Kishino T, Watanabe K, et al. Relationship between Pericardial Adipose Tissue Thickness and Early Impairment of Left Ventricular Function, Both Evaluated on Echocardiography. Rinsho Byori. 2016;64(10):1134–1138. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-018-0180-8Fujino A, Kishino T, Watanabe K, et al. Relationship between Pericardial Adipose Tissue Thickness and Early Impairment of Left Ventricular Function, Both Evaluated on Echocardiography. Rinsho Byori. 2016;64(10):1134–1138. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-018-0180-8Юдицкая Т.А. Роль и место нарушений пищевого поведения в комплексной характеристике ожирения у детей: автореф. дисс. … канд. мед. наук. — Сургут; 2016. — 22 с.Yuditskaya T.A. Rol’ i mesto narushenii pishchevogo povedeniya v kompleksnoi kharakteristike ozhireniya u detei. [dissertation]. Surgut; 2016. 22 p.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.