<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ppharm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Педиатрическая фармакология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pediatric pharmacology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1727-5776</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3089</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/pf.v10i3.693</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ppharm-215</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА В ПЕДИАТРИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHARMACOECONOMICS IN PEDIATRICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ БИОПРЕПАРАТОВ И МАЛЫХ МОЛЕКУЛ. СУЩЕСТВУЮТ ЛИ РАЗЛИЧИЯ?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>SAFETY OF BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS AND SMALL MOLECULES. ARE THERE ANY DIFFERENCES?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колбин</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolbin</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры фармакологии Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета, руководитель Регионального центра мониторинга безопасности лекарственных средств</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, professor at the pharmacology department of the Saint Petersburg State University, head of the Regional Drug Safety Monitoring Center</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Alex.kolbin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Харчев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kharchev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Cанкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Российская Федерация&#13;
Региональный центр мониторинга безопасности лекарственных средств, Санкт-Петербург, Российская&#13;
Федерация<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University, Russian Federation&#13;
Regional Drug Safety Monitoring Center, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет, Российская Федерация<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Russian Federation<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>06</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title>Педиатрическая фармакология</issue-title><fpage>17</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Колбин А.С., Харчев А.В., 2013</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Колбин А.С., Харчев А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kolbin A.S., Kharchev A.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pedpharma.ru/jour/article/view/215">https://www.pedpharma.ru/jour/article/view/215</self-uri><abstract/><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p> A considerable number of biopharmaceuticals have recently been introduced into clinical practice. Their role is becoming more and more important in managing various diseases, including incapacitating and life-threatening diseases. The authors systematically reviewed literary data from 1990 to 2013 dedicated to studying adverse side reactions to medicinal proteins. The authors used international databases to search for publications dedicated to this issue. As a result, this analysis involves studies describing adverse reactions of such biopharmaceuticals as immunosuppressants and antineoplastic agents. Differences between biopharmaceuticals and small molecules in the rate of adverse phenomena, structure and severity of their manifestations are shown. Classification of adverse reactions and possibility of its use in terms of biopharmaceuticals, recommendations and conclusions for the Russian pharmacovigilance system are given.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фармаконадзор</kwd><kwd>биопрепарат</kwd><kwd>безопасность</kwd><kwd>неблагоприятные побочные реакции и явления</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pharmacovigilance</kwd><kwd>biopharmaceutical</kwd><kwd>safety</kwd><kwd>adverse side reactions and phenomena</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Motola D., De Ponti F., Poluzzi E., Martini N., Rossi P., Silvani M.C. et al. An update on the first decade of the European centralized procedure: how many innovative drugs? Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2006; 62 (5): 610–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Motola D., De Ponti F., Poluzzi E., Martini N., Rossi P., Silvani M.C. et al. An update on the first decade of the European centralized procedure: how many innovative drugs? Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2006; 62 (5): 610–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trusheim M.R., Aitken M.L., Berndt A.R. Characterizing markets for biopharmaceutical innovations: do biologics differ from small molecules? Forum Health Econ. Pol. 2010; 13 (1): 1–45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trusheim M.R., Aitken M.L., Berndt A.R. Characterizing markets for biopharmaceutical innovations: do biologics differ from small molecules? Forum Health Econ. Pol. 2010; 13 (1): 1–45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">www.bio.org.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Available at: www.bio.org.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Астахова А.В., Лепахин В.К. Федеральный центр мониторинга безопасности лекарственных средств. Роль системы управления рисками в профилактике осложнений фармакотерапии. URL: http://www.rspor.ru</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Astakhova A.V., Lepakhin V.K. Federal Center of Drug Safety Monitoring. The role of the risk management system in the prevention of pharmacotherapy complications. Available at: http://www.rspor.ru</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: http://www.kaloramainformation.com</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Available at: http://www.kaloramainformation.com</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naldi L. Malignancy concerns with psoriasis treatments using phototherapy, methotrexate, cyclosporin, and biologics: facts and controversies. Clin. Dermatol. 2010; 28 (1): 88–92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naldi L. Malignancy concerns with psoriasis treatments using phototherapy, methotrexate, cyclosporin, and biologics: facts and controversies. Clin. Dermatol. 2010; 28 (1): 88–92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smolen J.S., Landewe R., Breedveld F.C., Dougados M., Emery P., Gaujoux-Viala C. et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2010; 69 (6): 964–975.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smolen J.S., Landewe R., Breedveld F.C., Dougados M., Emery P., Gaujoux-Viala C. et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2010; 69 (6): 964–975.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pathirana D., Ormerod A.D., Saiag P., Smith C., Spuls P.I., Nast A., Barker J., Bos J.D. et al. European S3-guidelines on the systemic treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2009; 23 (2): 1–70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pathirana D., Ormerod A.D., Saiag P., Smith C., Spuls P.I., Nast A., Barker J., Bos J.D. et al. European S3-guidelines on the systemic treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2009; 23 (2): 1–70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh J., Christensen R., Wells G.A., Suarez-Almazor Maria E., Buchbinder R., Lopez-Olivo Maria A. et al. Biologics for rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009; 4: CD007848.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh J., Christensen R., Wells G.A., Suarez-Almazor Maria E., Buchbinder R., Lopez-Olivo Maria A. et al. Biologics for rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009; 4: CD007848.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alonso-Ruiz A., Pijoan J.I., Ansuategui E., Urkaregi A., Calabozo M., Quintana A. Tumor necrosis factor alpha drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and metaanalysis of efficacy and safety. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008; 9: 52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alonso-Ruiz A., Pijoan J.I., Ansuategui E., Urkaregi A., Calabozo M., Quintana A. Tumor necrosis factor alpha drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and metaanalysis of efficacy and safety. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008; 9: 52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мазуров В.И. Клиническая ревматология. Руководство для практических врачей. 2-е изд. СПб.: Фолиант. 2005. 520 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazurov V.I. Klinicheskaya revmatologiya. Rukovodstvo dlya prakticheskikh vrachei. 2-e izd. [Manual for Practicing Physicians. 2nd edition] St. Petersburg, Foliant, 2005. 520 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: http://www.rosoncoweb.ru</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Available at: http://www.rosoncoweb.ru</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aronson J.K. Adverse drug reactions: history, terminology, classification, causality, frequency, preventability. Stephens’ Detection and evaluation of adverse drug reactions. New York: Wiley Ltd. 2011. Р. 1–119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aronson J.K. Adverse drug reactions: history, terminology, classification, causality, frequency, preventability. Stephens’ Detection and evaluation of adverse drug reactions. New York, Wiley Ltd, 2011. pp. 1–119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clark J.B. Mechanisms of adverse drug reactions to biologics. In: Uetrecht J., editor. Adverse drug reactions. Berlin: Springer. 2010. Р. 453–474.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clark J.B. Mechanisms of adverse drug reactions to biologics. In: Uetrecht J., editor. Adverse drug reactions. Berlin, Springer, 2010. pp. 453–474.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baumann A. Early development of therapeutic biologics: pharmacokinetics. Curr. Drug Metab. 2006; 7 (7): 15–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baumann A. Early development of therapeutic biologics: pharmacokinetics. Curr. Drug Metab. 2006; 7 (7): 15–21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giezen T.J., Mantel-Teeuwisse A.K., Leufkens H.G. Pharmacovigilance of biopharmaceuticals: challenges remain. Drug Saf. 2009; 32 (10): 811–817.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giezen T.J., Mantel-Teeuwisse A.K., Leufkens H.G. Pharmacovigilance of biopharmaceuticals: challenges remain. Drug Saf. 2009; 32 (10): 811–817.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doran M.F., Crowson C.S., Pond G.R., O’Fallon W.M., Gabriel S.E. Predictors of infection in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002; 46 (9): 2294–2300.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doran M.F., Crowson C.S., Pond G.R., O’Fallon W.M., Gabriel S.E. Predictors of infection in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002; 46 (9): 2294–2300.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колбин А.С., Курылев А.А., Павлыш А.В., Проскурин М.А., Балыкина Ю.Е. Научный анализ исходов в онкологии. Особенности фармакоэкономической экспертизы. Мед. технол. Оценка и выбор. 2012; 2 (8): 87–93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolbin A.S., Kurylev A.A., Pavlysh A.V., Proskurin M.A., Balykina Yu.E. Scientific analysis of outcomes in oncology. Peculiarities of pharmacoeconomic examination. Med. tekhnol. Otsenka i vybor = Medical technologies. Assessment and selection. 2012; 2 (8): 87–93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kleijnen S., George E., Goulden S., d’Andon A., Vitre P., Osinska B., Rdzany R., Thirstrup S., Corbacho B. et al. Relative effectiveness assessment of pharmaceuticals: similarities and differences in 29 jurisdictions. Value In Health. 2012; 15: 954–960.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kleijnen S., George E., Goulden S., d’Andon A., Vitre P., Osinska B., Rdzany R., Thirstrup S., Corbacho B. et al. Relative effectiveness assessment of pharmaceuticals: similarities and differences in 29 jurisdictions. Value In Health. 2012; 15: 954–960.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vial T., Descotes J. Immunosuppressive drugs and cancer. Toxicology. 2003; 185 (3): 229–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vial T., Descotes J. Immunosuppressive drugs and cancer. Toxicology. 2003; 185 (3): 229–40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лепахин В.К., Ушакова Е.А., Астахова А.В. Роль клинического фармаколога в повышении безопасности лекарственной терапии. Безопасность лекарств и фармаконадзор. 2008; 1: 5–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lepakhin V.K., Ushakova E.A., Astakhova A.V. The role of a clinical pharmacologist in the drug therapy safety improvement. Bezopasnost' lekarstv i farmakonadzor = Drug safety and pharmacovigilance. 2008; 1: 5–11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giezen T.J., Mantel-Teeuwisse A.K., Meyboom R.H., Sabine M.J.M. Straus, Hubert G.M. Leufkens, Toine C.G. Egberts. Mapping the safety profile of biologicals: a disproportionality analysis using the WHO adverse drug reaction database, VigiBase. Drug Saf. 2010; 33 (10): 865–878.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giezen T.J., Mantel-Teeuwisse A.K., Meyboom R.H., Sabine M.J.M. Straus, Hubert G.M. Leufkens, Toine C.G. Egberts. Mapping the safety profile of biologicals: a disproportionality analysis using the WHO adverse drug reaction database, VigiBase. Drug Saf. 2010; 33 (10): 865–878.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giezen T.J., Mantel-Teeuwisse A.K., Straus S.M., Huub Schellekens, Hubert G. M. Leufkens, Antoine C. G. Egberts. Safety-related regulatory actions for biologicals approved in the United States and the European Union. JAMA. 2008; 300 (16): 1887–1896.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giezen T.J., Mantel-Teeuwisse A.K., Straus S.M., Huub Schellekens, Hubert G. M. Leufkens, Antoine C. G. Egberts. Safety-related regulatory actions for biologicals approved in the United States and the European Union. JAMA. 2008; 300 (16): 1887–1896.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bongartz T., Sutton A.J., Sweeting M.J., Buchan I., Matteson E.L., Montori V. Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review andmeta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2006; 295 (19): 2275–2285.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bongartz T., Sutton A.J., Sweeting M.J., Buchan I., Matteson E.L., Montori V. Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2006; 295 (19): 2275–2285.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: http://www.fda.gov</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Available at: http://www.fda.gov</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khraishi M. Comparative overview of safety of the biologics in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. Suppl. 2009; 82: 25–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khraishi M. Comparative overview of safety of the biologics in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. Suppl. 2009; 82: 25–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schellekens H. Immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins: clinical implications and future prospects. Clin. Ther. 2002; 24 (11): 1720.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schellekens H. Immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins: clinical implications and future prospects. Clin. Ther. 2002; 24 (11): 1720.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schellekens H. Factors influencing the immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005; 20 (6): 3–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schellekens H. Factors influencing the immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005; 20 (6): 3–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Locatelli F., Del Vecchio L., Pozzoni P. Pure red-cell aplasia «epidemic» — mystery completely revealed? Perit. Dial. Int. 2007; 27 (2): 303–307.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Locatelli F., Del Vecchio L., Pozzoni P. Pure red-cell aplasia «epidemic» — mystery completely revealed? Perit. Dial. Int. 2007; 27 (2): 303–307.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salliot C., Dougados M., Gossec L. Risk of serious infections during rituximab, abatacept and anakinra treatments for rheumatoid arthritis: meta-analyses of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2009; 68 (1): 25–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salliot C., Dougados M., Gossec L. Risk of serious infections during rituximab, abatacept and anakinra treatments for rheumatoid arthritis: meta-analyses of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2009; 68 (1): 25–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keane J., Gershon S., Wise R.P. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001; 345 (15): 1098–1104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keane J., Gershon S., Wise R.P. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001; 345 (15): 1098–1104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Slifman N.R., Gershon S.K., Lee J.H., Edwards E.T, Braun M.M. Listeria monocytogenes infection as a complication of treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agents. Arthritis Rheum. 2003; 48 (2): 319–324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Slifman N.R., Gershon S.K., Lee J.H., Edwards E.T, Braun M.M. Listeria monocytogenes infection as a complication of treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agents. Arthritis Rheum. 2003; 48 (2): 319–324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dixon W.G., Watson K., Lunt M., Hyrich K.L., Silman A.J. Rates of serious infection, including site-specific and bacterial intracellular infection, in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 54 (8): 2368–2376.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dixon W.G., Watson K., Lunt M., Hyrich K.L., Silman A.J. Rates of serious infection, including site-specific and bacterial intracellular infection, in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 54 (8): 2368–2376.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schneeweiss S., Setoguchi S., Weinblatt M.E., Katz J.N., Avorn J., Sax P.E., Levin R., Solomon D.H. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy and the risk of serious bacterial infections in elderlypatients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56 (6): 1754–1764.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schneeweiss S., Setoguchi S., Weinblatt M.E., Katz J.N., Avorn J., Sax P.E., Levin R., Solomon D.H. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy and the risk of serious bacterial infections in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56 (6): 1754–1764.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Curtis J.R., Patkar N., Xie A., Martin C., Allison J.J., Saag M., Shatin D., Saag K.G. Risk of serious bacterial infections among rheumatoid arthritis patients exposed to tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56 (4): 1125–1133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Curtis J.R., Patkar N., Xie A., Martin C., Allison J.J., Saag M., Shatin D., Saag K.G. Risk of serious bacterial infections among rheumatoid arthritis patients exposed to tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56 (4): 1125–1133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suwannalai P., Auethavekiat P., Udomsubpayakul U. The infectious profiles of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents in a Thai population: a retrospective study a the university-based hospital. Int.J. Rheum. Dis. 2009; 12 (2): 118–124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suwannalai P., Auethavekiat P., Udomsubpayakul U. The infectious profiles of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents in a Thai population: a retrospective study a the university-based hospital. Int. J. Rheum. Dis. 2009; 12 (2): 118–124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strangfeld A., Listing J., Herzer P., Liebhaber A., Rockwitz K., Richter C. et al. Risk of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents. JAMA. 2009; 301 (7): 737–744.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strangfeld A., Listing J., Herzer P., Liebhaber A., Rockwitz K., Richter C. et al. Risk of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents. JAMA. 2009; 301 (7): 737–744.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ebbers H.C., Al-Temimi E., Moors E.H., Mantel-Teeuwisse A.K., Schellekens H., Leufkens H.G. Differences between postauthorization adverse drug reactions of biopharmaceuticals and small molecules. BioDrugs. 2013. DOI 10.1007/s40259- 013-0012-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ebbers H.C., Al-Temimi E., Moors E.H., Mantel-Teeuwisse A.K., Schellekens H., Leufkens H.G. Differences between postauthorization adverse drug reactions of biopharmaceuticals and small molecules. BioDrugs. 2013. DOI 10.1007/s40259-013-0012-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lasser K.E., Allen P.D., Woolhandler S.J., Himmelstein D.U., Wolfe S.M., Bor D.H. Timing of new black box warnings and withdrawals for prescription medications. JAMA. 2002; 287 (17): 2215–2220.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lasser K.E., Allen P.D., Woolhandler S.J., Himmelstein D.U., Wolfe S.M., Bor D.H. Timing of new black box warnings and withdrawals for prescription medications. JAMA. 2002; 287 (17): 2215–2220.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crommelin D.J., Storm G., Verrijk R., de Leede L., Jiskoot W., Hennink W.E. Shifting paradigms: biopharmaceuticals versus low molecular weight drugs. Int. J. Pharm. 2003; 266 (1–2): 3–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crommelin D.J., Storm G., Verrijk R., de Leede L., Jiskoot W., Hennink W.E. Shifting paradigms: biopharmaceuticals versus low molecular weight drugs. Int. J. Pharm. 2003; 266 (1–2): 3–16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schellekens H. How similar do ‘biosimilars’ need to be? Nat. Biotechnol. 2004; 22 (11): 1357–1359.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schellekens H. How similar do ‘biosimilars’ need to be? Nat. Biotechnol. 2004; 22 (11): 1357–1359.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brennan F.R., Shaw L., Wing M.G., Robinson C. Preclinical safety testing of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals: understanding the issues and addressing the challenges. Mol. Biotechnol. 2004; 27 (1): 59–74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brennan F.R., Shaw L., Wing M.G., Robinson C. Preclinical safety testing of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals: understanding the issues and addressing the challenges. Mol. Biotechnol. 2004; 27 (1): 59–74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferner R.E., Aronson J.K. EIDOS: a mechanistic classification of adverse drug effects. Drug Saf. 2010; 33 (1): 15–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferner R.E., Aronson J.K. EIDOS: a mechanistic classification of adverse drug effects. Drug Saf. 2010; 33 (1): 15–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pichler W.J. Adverse side-effects to biological agents. Allergy. 2006; 61 (8): 912–920.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pichler W.J. Adverse side-effects to biological agents. Allergy. 2006; 61 (8): 912–920.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shankar G., Pendley C., Stein K.E. A risk-based bioanalytical strategy for the assessment of antibody immune responses against biological drugs. Nat. Biotechnol. 2007; 25 (5): 555–561.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shankar G., Pendley C., Stein K.E. A risk-based bioanalytical strategy for the assessment of antibody immune responses against biological drugs. Nat. Biotechnol. 2007; 25 (5): 555–561.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hausmann O.V., Seitz M., Villiger P.M. The complex clinical picture of side effects to biologicals. Med. Clin. North Am. 2010; 94 (4): 791–804.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hausmann O.V., Seitz M., Villiger P.M. The complex clinical picture of side effects to biologicals. Med. Clin. North Am. 2010; 94 (4): 791–804.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zemkovа M., Jebavн L., Kotlаrovа J., Jiri Vlcek, Ronald H.B. Meyboom. The spectrum and types of adverse side effects to biological immune modulators: a proposal for new classificationFolia Biol. (Praha). 2007; 53 (4): 146–155.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zemkovа M., Jebavн L., Kotlаrovа J., Jiri Vlcek, Ronald H.B. Meyboom. The spectrum and types of adverse side effects to biological immune modulators: a proposal for new classification Folia Biol. (Praha). 2007; 53 (4): 146–155.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колбин A.C., Бурбелло A.T., Загородникова K.A. Фармаконадзор в Российской Федерации и в Объединенной Европе в свете новой директивы Евросоюза. Ждут ли нас изменения? Ремедиум. 2012; 8 (186): 8–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolbin A.C., Burbello A.T., Zagorodnikova K.A. Pharmacovigilance in the Russian Federation and the united Europe in the setting of the new directive of the European Union. Will there be changes? Remedium = Remedium. 2012; 8 (186): 8–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fitt H. The new pharmacovigilance legislation: an EMA perspective. — IPA Conference Reinforcing patient safety in Europe. — 2011. www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Presentation/2011/06/WC500107888.pdf (дата последнего обращения: 05.07.12).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fitt H. The new pharmacovigilance legislation: an EMA perspective. — IPA Conference Reinforcing patient safety in Europe, 2011. Available at: www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Presentation/2011/06/WC500107888.pdf (accessed: 05.07.12).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Regulation (EU) No 1235/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2010 amending, as regards pharmacovigilance of medicinal products for human use, Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 laying down Community procedures for the authorization and supervision of medicinal products for human and veterinary use and establishing a European Medicines Agency, and Regulation (EC) No 1394/2007 on advanced therapy medicinal products [online]. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:348:0001:0016:EN:PDF (дата последнего обращения: 05.07.12).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Regulation (EU) No 1235/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2010 amending, as regards pharmacovigilance of medicinal products for human use, Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 laying down Community procedures for the authorization and supervision of medicinal products for human and veterinary use and establishing a European Medicines Agency, and Regulation (EC) No 1394/2007 on advanced therapy medicinal products [online]. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:348:0001:0016:EN:PDF (accessed: 05.07.12).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mellstedt H., Niederwieser D., Ludwig H. The challenge of biosimilars. Ann. Oncol. 2008; 19 (3): 411–419.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mellstedt H., Niederwieser D., Ludwig H. The challenge of biosimilars. Ann. Oncol. 2008; 19 (3): 411–419.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuсiga L., Calvo B. Biosimilars: pharmacovigilance and risk management. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 2010; 19 (7): 661–669.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuсiga L., Calvo B. Biosimilars: pharmacovigilance and risk management. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 2010; 19 (7): 661–669.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
