ppharmПедиатрическая фармакологияPediatric pharmacology1727-57762500-3089Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»10.15690/pf.v13i3.1580ppharm-1429Research ArticleВАКЦИНАЦИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕVACCINATIONПрограмма эрадикации полиомиелита ВОЗ: проблемы и решенияWHO Polio Eradication Program: Problems and Solutionshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2371-2460ХаритС. М.KharitS. M.

доктор медицинских наук, профессор, руководитель отдела профилактики инфекционных заболеваний НИИДИ Адрес: 197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 9, тел.: +7 (812) 234-57-59

Kharit-s@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4006-9320ПокровскийВ. С.PokrovskyV. S.РулёваА. А.RulevaA. A.ФридманИ. В.FridmanI. V.Научно-исследовательский институт детских инфекций, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет, Санкт-Петербург, Российская ФедерацияРоссияScientifics and Research Institute of Children’s Infections, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian FederationRussian FederationНаучно-исследовательский институт биомедицинской химии им. В.Н. Ореховича, Москва, Российская ФедерацияРоссияOrekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russian FederationRussian FederationНаучно-исследовательский институт детских инфекций, Санкт-Петербург, Российская ФедерацияРоссияScientifics and Research Institute of Children’s Infections, Saint-Petersburg, Russian FederationRussian Federation201631082016133289298Copyright © Харит С.М., Покровский В.С., Рулёва А.А., Фридман И.В., 20162016Харит С.М., Покровский В.С., Рулёва А.А., Фридман И.В.Kharit S.M., Pokrovsky V.S., Ruleva A.A., Fridman I.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.pedpharma.ru/jour/article/view/1429

В 2013 г. ВОЗ были пересмотрены основные цели и задачи программы эрадикации полиомиелита, и была принята программа модернизации Национальных календарей прививок всех стран мира, предусматривающая поэтапный отказ от живой полиовакцины (ОПВ) и полный переход на инактивированную полиовакцину (ИПВ) с 2019 г. В связи с полной эрадикацией вируса полиомиелита 2-го типа в качестве промежуточного этапа в апреле 2016 г. трехвалентная ОПВ была заменена на двухвалентную ОПВ, не содержащую вирус полиомиелита 2-го типа. Цель настоящей статьи — предоставить читателям информацию об истории профилактики полиомиелита и причинах, приведших к формированию третьей Глобальной инициативы. Определены новые подходы, предусматривающие ликвидацию циркуляции дикого штамма полиомиелита 1-го типа и вакцинородственных штаммов, и предложен план мероприятий, необходимых для полного перехода на инактивированную вакцину к 2019 г.

In 2013 WHO re-evaluated its main goals of the polio eradication program. A modernization program was accepted with regard to the National vaccination calendars worldwide which includes a step-by-step refusal from the living polio vaccine (OPV) and a total transition to the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) starting in 2019. Because of the total eradication of the polio type 2 virus, as an intermediate step the 3-valence OPV was substituted with the 2-valence OPV, which does not contain the type 2 polio virus, in April 2016. The aim of the article is to present the history of polio prevention and to state the reasons for the adoption of 3rd edition of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The new approaches were defined for eradication of wild polio virus type 1 and vaccine related strains. A new strategy for global switch to inactivated polio vaccine by 2019 was suggested.

полиомиелитживая полиомиелитная вакцинаинактивированная полиомиелитная вакцинаГлобальная инициативаликвидация полиомиелитаpoliomyelitislive inactivated poliovaccinesglobal initiative for the elimination of poliomyelitisReferencesБольшая медицинская энциклопедия / Под ред. Б.В. Петровского. 3-е изд. — М.: Советская энциклопедия; 1983. — Т. 20. 519 с. [Bol’shaya meditsinskaya entsiklopediya. 3rd ed. Vol. 20. Ed by Petrovskii B.V. Moscow: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya; 1983. 519 p. (In Russ).]Большая медицинская энциклопедия / Под ред. Б.В. Петровского. 3-е изд. — М.: Советская энциклопедия; 1983. — Т. 20. 519 с. [Bol’shaya meditsinskaya entsiklopediya. 3rd ed. Vol. 20. Ed by Petrovskii B.V. Moscow: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya; 1983. 519 p. (In Russ).]Heine J. Beobachtungen über Lähmungszustände der untern Extremitäten und deren Behandlung. Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Heinrich Köhler; 1840. 108 р.Heine J. Beobachtungen über Lähmungszustände der untern Extremitäten und deren Behandlung. Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Heinrich Köhler; 1840. 108 р.Medin O. Ueber eine Epidemie von spinaler Kinderlähmung. In: Verhandl. X Internatl. Med. Kongr. Berlin; 1891. p. 37–47.Medin O. Ueber eine Epidemie von spinaler Kinderlähmung. In: Verhandl. X Internatl. Med. Kongr. Berlin; 1891. p. 37–47.Enders JF, Weller TH, Robbins FC. Cultivation of the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus in Cultures of Various Human Embryonic Tissues. Science. 1949;109(2822):85–87. doi: 10.1126/science. 109.2822.85.Enders JF, Weller TH, Robbins FC. Cultivation of the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus in Cultures of Various Human Embryonic Tissues. Science. 1949;109(2822):85–87. doi: 10.1126/science. 109.2822.85.Le Bouvier GL. The D to C change in poliovirus particles. Br J Exp Pathol. 1959;40(6):605–620.Le Bouvier GL. The D to C change in poliovirus particles. Br J Exp Pathol. 1959;40(6):605–620.Вакцины и вакцинация. Национальное руководство / Под ред. В.В. Зверева, Б.Ф. Семенова, Р.М. Хаитова. — М.: ГЭОТАР- Медиа; 2011. 880 с. [Vaktsiny i vaktsinatsiya. Natsional’noe rukovodstvo. Ed by Zverev V.V., Semenov B.F., Khaitov R.M. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2011. 880 p. (In Russ).]Вакцины и вакцинация. Национальное руководство / Под ред. В.В. Зверева, Б.Ф. Семенова, Р.М. Хаитова. — М.: ГЭОТАР- Медиа; 2011. 880 с. [Vaktsiny i vaktsinatsiya. Natsional’noe rukovodstvo. Ed by Zverev V.V., Semenov B.F., Khaitov R.M. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2011. 880 p. (In Russ).]World Health Organization. Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Polio Eradication & Endgame Strategic Plan 2013–2018 [Internet]. France: World Health Organization; 2013 [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.polioeradication.org/Portals/0/Document/Resources/StrategyWork/PEESP_EN_US.pdf.World Health Organization. Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Polio Eradication & Endgame Strategic Plan 2013–2018 [Internet]. France: World Health Organization; 2013 [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.polioeradication.org/Portals/0/Document/Resources/StrategyWork/PEESP_EN_US.pdf.who.int [Internet]. Resolution of 65 World Health Assembly, 26 May 2012. Poliomyelitis: intensification of the global eradication initiative [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/ gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA65/A65_R5-en.pdf.who.int [Internet]. Resolution of 65 World Health Assembly, 26 May 2012. Poliomyelitis: intensification of the global eradication initiative [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/ gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA65/A65_R5-en.pdf.Minor P. The polio endgame. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(7):2106–2108. doi: 10.4161/21645515.2014.981115.Minor P. The polio endgame. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(7):2106–2108. doi: 10.4161/21645515.2014.981115.Patel M, Zipursky S, Orenstein W, et al. Polio endgame: the global introduction of inactivated polio vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2015;14(5):749–762. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1001750.Patel M, Zipursky S, Orenstein W, et al. Polio endgame: the global introduction of inactivated polio vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2015;14(5):749–762. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1001750.Garon J, Seib K, Orenstein WA, et al. Polio endgame: the global switch from tOPV to bOPV. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2016;15(6): 693–708. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1140041.Garon J, Seib K, Orenstein WA, et al. Polio endgame: the global switch from tOPV to bOPV. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2016;15(6): 693–708. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1140041.Estivariz CF, Watkins MA, Handoko D, et al. A large vaccinederived poliovirus outbreak on Madura Island—Indonesia, 2005. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(3):347–354. doi: 10.1086/525049.Estivariz CF, Watkins MA, Handoko D, et al. A large vaccinederived poliovirus outbreak on Madura Island—Indonesia, 2005. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(3):347–354. doi: 10.1086/525049.Kew O, Morris-Glasgow V, Landaverde M, et al. Outbreak of poliomyelitis in Hispaniola associated with circulating type 1 vaccine- derived poliovirus. Science. 2002;296(5566):356– 359. doi: 10.1126/science.1068284.Kew O, Morris-Glasgow V, Landaverde M, et al. Outbreak of poliomyelitis in Hispaniola associated with circulating type 1 vaccine- derived poliovirus. Science. 2002;296(5566):356– 359. doi: 10.1126/science.1068284.Alexander JP, Ehresmann K, Seward J, et al. Transmission of imported vaccine-derived poliovirus in an undervaccinated community in Minnesota. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(3):391– 397. doi: 10.1086/596052.Alexander JP, Ehresmann K, Seward J, et al. Transmission of imported vaccine-derived poliovirus in an undervaccinated community in Minnesota. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(3):391– 397. doi: 10.1086/596052.polioeradication.org [Internet]. Polio Global Eradication Initiative. Polio this week. Data and monitoring [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.polioeradication.org/Dataandmonitoring/ Poliothisweek.aspx.polioeradication.org [Internet]. Polio Global Eradication Initiative. Polio this week. Data and monitoring [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.polioeradication.org/Dataandmonitoring/ Poliothisweek.aspx.Strebel PM, Sutter RW, Cochi SL, et al. Epidemiology of poliomyelitis in the United States one decade after the last reported case of indigenous wild virus-associated disease. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14(2):568–579. doi: 10.1093/clinids/14.2.568.Strebel PM, Sutter RW, Cochi SL, et al. Epidemiology of poliomyelitis in the United States one decade after the last reported case of indigenous wild virus-associated disease. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14(2):568–579. doi: 10.1093/clinids/14.2.568.Salk JE. Recent studies on immunization against poliomyelitis. Pediatrics. 1953;12(5):471–482.Salk JE. Recent studies on immunization against poliomyelitis. Pediatrics. 1953;12(5):471–482.Francis T, Jr. Summary and review of poliomyelitis immunization. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1955;61(4):1057–1058. doi: 10.1111/j.1749- 6632.1955.tb42566.x.Francis T, Jr. Summary and review of poliomyelitis immunization. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1955;61(4):1057–1058. doi: 10.1111/j.1749- 6632.1955.tb42566.x.Garon JR, Cochi SL, Orenstein WA. The Challenge of Global Poliomyelitis Eradication. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2015;29(4): 651–665. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2015.07.003.Garon JR, Cochi SL, Orenstein WA. The Challenge of Global Poliomyelitis Eradication. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2015;29(4): 651–665. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2015.07.003.van Wezel AL, van Steenis G, van der Marel P, Osterhaus AD. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine: current production methods and new developments. Rev Infect Dis. 1984;6(Suppl 2):335–340. doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.supplement_2.s335.van Wezel AL, van Steenis G, van der Marel P, Osterhaus AD. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine: current production methods and new developments. Rev Infect Dis. 1984;6(Suppl 2):335–340. doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.supplement_2.s335.Salk JE. Poliomyelitis vaccine in the fall of 1955. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1956;46(1):1–14. doi: 10.2105/ajph.46.1.1.Salk JE. Poliomyelitis vaccine in the fall of 1955. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1956;46(1):1–14. doi: 10.2105/ajph.46.1.1.Sabin AB. Properties and behavior of orally administered attenuated poliovirus vaccine. J Am Med Assoc. 1957;164(11): 1216–1223. doi: 10.1001/jama.1957.62980110008008.Sabin AB. Properties and behavior of orally administered attenuated poliovirus vaccine. J Am Med Assoc. 1957;164(11): 1216–1223. doi: 10.1001/jama.1957.62980110008008.Brodie M, Goldbloom A. Active immunization against poliomyelitis in monkeys. J Exp Med. 1931;53(6):885–893. doi: 10.1084/ jem.53.6.885.Brodie M, Goldbloom A. Active immunization against poliomyelitis in monkeys. J Exp Med. 1931;53(6):885–893. doi: 10.1084/ jem.53.6.885.Kolmer JA. An Improved Method of Preparing the Kolmer Poliomyelitis Vaccine (Delivered before the Sixty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association in Milwaukee, Wis., October 8, 1935). Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1936;26(2):149–157. doi: 10.2105/ajph.26.2.149.Kolmer JA. An Improved Method of Preparing the Kolmer Poliomyelitis Vaccine (Delivered before the Sixty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association in Milwaukee, Wis., October 8, 1935). Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1936;26(2):149–157. doi: 10.2105/ajph.26.2.149.Koprowski H. Historical aspects of the development of live virus vaccine in poliomyelitis. BMJ. 1960;2(5192):85–91. doi: 10.1136/ bmj.2.5192.85.Koprowski H. Historical aspects of the development of live virus vaccine in poliomyelitis. BMJ. 1960;2(5192):85–91. doi: 10.1136/ bmj.2.5192.85.Enders JF. General preface to studies on the cultivation of poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture. J Immunol. 1952;69(6): 639–643.Enders JF. General preface to studies on the cultivation of poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture. J Immunol. 1952;69(6): 639–643.Eggers HJ. Milestones in early poliomyelitis research (1840 to 1949). J Virol. 1999;73(6):4533–4535.Eggers HJ. Milestones in early poliomyelitis research (1840 to 1949). J Virol. 1999;73(6):4533–4535.Baicus A. History of polio vaccination. World J Virol. 2012;1(4):108–114. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i4.108.Baicus A. History of polio vaccination. World J Virol. 2012;1(4):108–114. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i4.108.Robertson HE, Acker MS, Dillenberg HO, et al. Community-wide use of a “balanced” trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (Sabin). A report of the 1961 trial at Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. Can J Public Health. 1962;53:179–191.Robertson HE, Acker MS, Dillenberg HO, et al. Community-wide use of a “balanced” trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (Sabin). A report of the 1961 trial at Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. Can J Public Health. 1962;53:179–191.Agol VI, Drozdov SG. Russian contribution to OPV. Biologicals. 1993;21(4):321–325. doi: 10.1006/biol.1993.1091.Agol VI, Drozdov SG. Russian contribution to OPV. Biologicals. 1993;21(4):321–325. doi: 10.1006/biol.1993.1091.Bandyopadhyay AS, Garon J, Seib K, Orenstein WA. Polio vaccination: past, present and future. Future Microbiol. 2015;10(5): 791–808. doi: 10.2217/fmb.15.19.Bandyopadhyay AS, Garon J, Seib K, Orenstein WA. Polio vaccination: past, present and future. Future Microbiol. 2015;10(5): 791–808. doi: 10.2217/fmb.15.19.Лашкевич В.А. История создания в 1959 г. живой вакцины из аттенуированных штаммов А. Сэбина и идея искоренения полиомиелита // Вопросы вирусологии. — 2013. — Т. 58. — № 1. — С. 4–10. [Lashkevich VA. History of development of the live poliomyelitis vaccine from sabin attenuated strains in 1959 and idea of poliomyelitis eradication. Vopr Virusol. 2013;58(1):4–10. (In Russ).]Лашкевич В.А. История создания в 1959 г. живой вакцины из аттенуированных штаммов А. Сэбина и идея искоренения полиомиелита // Вопросы вирусологии. — 2013. — Т. 58. — № 1. — С. 4–10. [Lashkevich VA. History of development of the live poliomyelitis vaccine from sabin attenuated strains in 1959 and idea of poliomyelitis eradication. Vopr Virusol. 2013;58(1):4–10. (In Russ).]Дроздов С.Г. М.П. Чумаков и ликвидация полиомиелита на земном шаре // Вакцинация. Новости вакцинопрофилактики. 2002. — №6 (24). — С. 8–9. [Drozdov SG. M.P. Chumakov i likvidatsiya poliomielita na zemnom share. Vaktsinatsiya. Novosti vaktsinoprofilaktiki. 2002;(6(24)):8–9. (In Russ).]Дроздов С.Г. М.П. Чумаков и ликвидация полиомиелита на земном шаре // Вакцинация. Новости вакцинопрофилактики. 2002. — №6 (24). — С. 8–9. [Drozdov SG. M.P. Chumakov i likvidatsiya poliomielita na zemnom share. Vaktsinatsiya. Novosti vaktsinoprofilaktiki. 2002;(6(24)):8–9. (In Russ).]Шувалова Е.П., Белозеров Е.С., Беляева Т.В., Змушко Е.И. Инфекционные болезни. — СПб.: Спецлит; 2015. 727 с. [Shuvalova EP, Belozerov ES, Belyaeva TV, Zmushko EI. Infektsionnye bolezni. St. Petersburg: Spetslit; 2015. 727 p. (In Russ).]Шувалова Е.П., Белозеров Е.С., Беляева Т.В., Змушко Е.И. Инфекционные болезни. — СПб.: Спецлит; 2015. 727 с. [Shuvalova EP, Belozerov ES, Belyaeva TV, Zmushko EI. Infektsionnye bolezni. St. Petersburg: Spetslit; 2015. 727 p. (In Russ).]who.int [Internet]. Annex 2. Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of poliomyelitis vaccines (oral, live, attenuated). Replacement of Annex 1 of WHO Technical Report Series, No. 904, and Addendum to Annex 1 of WHO Technical Report Series, No. 910 [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/OPV_Recommendations_TRS_980_Annex_2.pdf.who.int [Internet]. Annex 2. Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of poliomyelitis vaccines (oral, live, attenuated). Replacement of Annex 1 of WHO Technical Report Series, No. 904, and Addendum to Annex 1 of WHO Technical Report Series, No. 910 [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/OPV_Recommendations_TRS_980_Annex_2.pdf.who.int [Internet]. Forty-first World Health Assembly Geneva, 2–13 May 1988. Global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000 [cited 2016 Feb 24]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ihr/polioresolution4128en.pdf.who.int [Internet]. Forty-first World Health Assembly Geneva, 2–13 May 1988. Global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000 [cited 2016 Feb 24]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ihr/polioresolution4128en.pdf.Михайлов М.И., Грачев В.П. Роль России в Глобальной программе ликвидации полиомиелита // Здравоохранение Российской Федерации. — 2013.— № 2. — С. 11–14. [Mikhailov MI, Grachev VP. Rol’ Rossii v Global’noi programme likvidatsii poliomielita. Zdravookhr Ross Fed. 2013;(2):11–14. (In Russ).]Михайлов М.И., Грачев В.П. Роль России в Глобальной программе ликвидации полиомиелита // Здравоохранение Российской Федерации. — 2013.— № 2. — С. 11–14. [Mikhailov MI, Grachev VP. Rol’ Rossii v Global’noi programme likvidatsii poliomielita. Zdravookhr Ross Fed. 2013;(2):11–14. (In Russ).]Cochi SL, Hegg L, Kaur A, et al. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative: Progress, lessons learned, and polio legacy transition planning. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35(2):277–283. doi: 10.1377/ hlthaff.2015.1104.Cochi SL, Hegg L, Kaur A, et al. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative: Progress, lessons learned, and polio legacy transition planning. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35(2):277–283. doi: 10.1377/ hlthaff.2015.1104.polioeradication.org [Internet]. Declaration for the Eradication of Poliomyelitis. Geneva; 2004 [cited 2016 Feb 24]. Available from: http://www.polioeradication.org/content/publications/20040115_declaration.pdf.polioeradication.org [Internet]. Declaration for the Eradication of Poliomyelitis. Geneva; 2004 [cited 2016 Feb 24]. Available from: http://www.polioeradication.org/content/publications/20040115_declaration.pdf.Chandrakant L. Global eradication of polio: the case for “finishing the job”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007;85(6): 421–500. doi: 10.2471/blt.06.037457.Chandrakant L. Global eradication of polio: the case for “finishing the job”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007;85(6): 421–500. doi: 10.2471/blt.06.037457.WHO. Conclusions and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Poliomyelitis Eradication, Geneva, 27–28 November 2007. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2008;83(3):25–36.WHO. Conclusions and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Poliomyelitis Eradication, Geneva, 27–28 November 2007. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2008;83(3):25–36.Cochi SL, Jafari HS, Armstrong GL, et al. A world without polio. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(Suppl 1):1–4. doi: 10.1093/ infdis/jiu383.Cochi SL, Jafari HS, Armstrong GL, et al. A world without polio. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(Suppl 1):1–4. doi: 10.1093/ infdis/jiu383.polioeradication.org [Internet]. Investment case. Executive summary [cited 2016 Feb 24]. Available from: http://www. polioeradication.org/Portals/0/Document/Financing/Investment Case_executiveSummary.pdf.polioeradication.org [Internet]. Investment case. Executive summary [cited 2016 Feb 24]. Available from: http://www. polioeradication.org/Portals/0/Document/Financing/Investment Case_executiveSummary.pdf.Patel M, Orenstein W. A world free of polio — the final steps. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(6):501–503. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1514467.Patel M, Orenstein W. A world free of polio — the final steps. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(6):501–503. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1514467.WHO. Epidemic focus. Progress towards polio eradication worldwide, 2015–2016. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2016;91(19):249–256.WHO. Epidemic focus. Progress towards polio eradication worldwide, 2015–2016. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2016;91(19):249–256.WHO. Meeting of the WHO working group on polymerase chain reaction protocols for detecting subtype influenza A viruses. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2013;88(38): 401–412.WHO. Meeting of the WHO working group on polymerase chain reaction protocols for detecting subtype influenza A viruses. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2013;88(38): 401–412.who.int [Internet]. Poliovirus detected from environmental samples in Israel update. Geneva; 2013 [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_07_15/en/.who.int [Internet]. Poliovirus detected from environmental samples in Israel update. Geneva; 2013 [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_07_15/en/.Sutter RW, et al. Poliovirus vaccine-live. In: OW Plotkin, editor. Vaccines, 2013. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier–Saunders; 2013. p. 598–645.Sutter RW, et al. Poliovirus vaccine-live. In: OW Plotkin, editor. Vaccines, 2013. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier–Saunders; 2013. p. 598–645.Platt LR, Estivariz CF, Sutter RW. Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis: a review of the epidemiology and estimation of the global burden. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(Suppl 1):380– 389. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu184.Platt LR, Estivariz CF, Sutter RW. Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis: a review of the epidemiology and estimation of the global burden. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(Suppl 1):380– 389. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu184.WHO. Polio vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2016;91(12):145–168.WHO. Polio vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2016;91(12):145–168.Dömök I. Experiences associated with the use of live poliovirus vaccine in Hungary, 1959–1982. Rev Inf Dis. 1984;6(Suppl 2): 413–418. doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.supplement_2.s413.Dömök I. Experiences associated with the use of live poliovirus vaccine in Hungary, 1959–1982. Rev Inf Dis. 1984;6(Suppl 2): 413–418. doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.supplement_2.s413.Jenkins HE, Aylward RB, Gasasira A, et al. Implications of a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus in Nigeria. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(25):2360–2369. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0910074.Jenkins HE, Aylward RB, Gasasira A, et al. Implications of a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus in Nigeria. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(25):2360–2369. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0910074.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006; 55(40):1093–1097.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006; 55(40):1093–1097.Yang CF, Naguib T, Yang SJ, et al. Circulation of endemic type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in Egypt from 1983 to 1993. J Virol. 2003;77(15):8366–8377. doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.15.8366- 8377.2003.Yang CF, Naguib T, Yang SJ, et al. Circulation of endemic type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in Egypt from 1983 to 1993. J Virol. 2003;77(15):8366–8377. doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.15.8366- 8377.2003.Nasir UN, Bandhyopadhyay AS, Montagnani F, et al. Polio in Nigeria: A review of the situation and problems hindering its elimination. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12(3):658– 663. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1088617.Nasir UN, Bandhyopadhyay AS, Montagnani F, et al. Polio in Nigeria: A review of the situation and problems hindering its elimination. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12(3):658– 663. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1088617.Yehualashet YG, Horton J, Mkanda P, et al. Intensified Local Resource Mobilization for the Polio Eradication Initiative: The Experience of World Health Organization in Nigeria During 2008– 2015. J Infect Dis. 2016;213(Suppl 3):101–107. doi: 10.1093/ infdis/jiv535.Yehualashet YG, Horton J, Mkanda P, et al. Intensified Local Resource Mobilization for the Polio Eradication Initiative: The Experience of World Health Organization in Nigeria During 2008– 2015. J Infect Dis. 2016;213(Suppl 3):101–107. doi: 10.1093/ infdis/jiv535.polioeradication.org [Internet]. Circulating vaccine derived poliovirus (cVDPV) 2000- 2013 [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.polioeradication.org/Dataandmonitoring/Poliothisweek/Circulatingvaccinederivedpoliovirus.aspx.polioeradication.org [Internet]. Circulating vaccine derived poliovirus (cVDPV) 2000- 2013 [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.polioeradication.org/Dataandmonitoring/Poliothisweek/Circulatingvaccinederivedpoliovirus.aspx.Mushtaq A, Mehmood S, Rehman MA, et al. Polio in Pakistan: Social constraints and travel implications. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2015;13(5):360–366. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.06.004.Mushtaq A, Mehmood S, Rehman MA, et al. Polio in Pakistan: Social constraints and travel implications. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2015;13(5):360–366. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.06.004.Yang CF, Chen HY, Jorba J, et al. Intratypic recombination among lineages of type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus emerging during chronic infection of an immunodeficient patient. J Virol. 2005;79(20):12623–12634. doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.20.12623- 12634.2005.Yang CF, Chen HY, Jorba J, et al. Intratypic recombination among lineages of type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus emerging during chronic infection of an immunodeficient patient. J Virol. 2005;79(20):12623–12634. doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.20.12623- 12634.2005.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update on vaccinederived polioviruses– worldwide, April 2011-June 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(37):741–746.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update on vaccinederived polioviruses– worldwide, April 2011-June 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(37):741–746.Tebbens RJ, Pallansch MA, Kew OM, et al. Risks of paralytic disease due to wild or vaccine-derived poliovirus after eradication. Risk Anal. 2006;26(6):1471–1505. doi: 10.1111/j.1539- 6924.2006.00827.x.Tebbens RJ, Pallansch MA, Kew OM, et al. Risks of paralytic disease due to wild or vaccine-derived poliovirus after eradication. Risk Anal. 2006;26(6):1471–1505. doi: 10.1111/j.1539- 6924.2006.00827.x.Vidor E, et al. Poliovirus vaccine inactivated. In: OW Plotkin, editor. Vaccines, 2013. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier–Saunders; 2013. p. 573–597.Vidor E, et al. Poliovirus vaccine inactivated. In: OW Plotkin, editor. Vaccines, 2013. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier–Saunders; 2013. p. 573–597.Alexander LN, Seward JF, Santibanez TA, et al. Vaccine policy changes and epidemiology of poliomyelitis in the United States. JAMA. 2004;292(14):1696–1701. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.14.1696.Alexander LN, Seward JF, Santibanez TA, et al. Vaccine policy changes and epidemiology of poliomyelitis in the United States. JAMA. 2004;292(14):1696–1701. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.14.1696.Hanlon P, Hanlon L, Marsh V, et al. Serological comparisons of approaches to polio vaccination in the Gambia. Lancet. 1987;329(8536):800–801. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87) 92818-2.Hanlon P, Hanlon L, Marsh V, et al. Serological comparisons of approaches to polio vaccination in the Gambia. Lancet. 1987;329(8536):800–801. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87) 92818-2.Moriniere BJ, van Loon FP, Rhodes PH, et al. Immunogenicity of a supplemental dose of oral versus inactivated poliovirus vaccine. Lancet. 1993;341(8860):1545–1550. doi: 10.1016/0140- 6736(93)90693-b.Moriniere BJ, van Loon FP, Rhodes PH, et al. Immunogenicity of a supplemental dose of oral versus inactivated poliovirus vaccine. Lancet. 1993;341(8860):1545–1550. doi: 10.1016/0140- 6736(93)90693-b.Working Group. Scientific evidence in support of Note for the Record: 5th Meeting of the SAGE. Geneva: WHO; 2012.Working Group. Scientific evidence in support of Note for the Record: 5th Meeting of the SAGE. Geneva: WHO; 2012.WHO. Introduction of inactivated polio vaccine and switch from trivalent to bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine worldwide, 2013–2016. Performance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance and incidence of poliomyelitis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2015;90(27):337–348.WHO. Introduction of inactivated polio vaccine and switch from trivalent to bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine worldwide, 2013–2016. Performance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance and incidence of poliomyelitis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2015;90(27):337–348.Приказ Минздрава России от 21 марта 2014 г. №125н «Об утверждении национального календаря профилактических прививок и календаря профилактических прививок по эпидемическим показаниям». [Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation №125n dated 21 March 2014 «Ob utverzhdenii natsional’nogo kalendarya profilakticheskikh privivok i kalendarya profilakticheskikh privivok po epidemicheskim pokazaniyam». (In Russ).] Доступно по: http://51.rospotrebnadzor.ru/rss_all/-/ asset_publisher/Kq6J/content/id/229386. Ссылка активна на 22.02.2016.Приказ Минздрава России от 21 марта 2014 г. №125н «Об утверждении национального календаря профилактических прививок и календаря профилактических прививок по эпидемическим показаниям». [Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation №125n dated 21 March 2014 «Ob utverzhdenii natsional’nogo kalendarya profilakticheskikh privivok i kalendarya profilakticheskikh privivok po epidemicheskim pokazaniyam». (In Russ).] Доступно по: http://51.rospotrebnadzor.ru/rss_all/-/ asset_publisher/Kq6J/content/id/229386. Ссылка активна на 22.02.2016.Белова О.Е. Полиомиелит: cостояние эпидемии и перспективы // Живые и биокосные системы. — 2015. — № 13. [Belova O.E. Poliomyelitis: the state of the epidemic and prospects. Zhivye i biokosnye sistemy. 2015;(13). (In Russ).] Доступно по: http://jbks.ru/assets/files/content/2015/issue13/article-7.pdf. Ссылка активна на 22.02.2016.Белова О.Е. Полиомиелит: cостояние эпидемии и перспективы // Живые и биокосные системы. — 2015. — № 13. [Belova O.E. Poliomyelitis: the state of the epidemic and prospects. Zhivye i biokosnye sistemy. 2015;(13). (In Russ).] Доступно по: http://jbks.ru/assets/files/content/2015/issue13/article-7.pdf. Ссылка активна на 22.02.2016.Доклад Роспотребнадзора. Инфекционная заболеваемость в РФ за январь- сентябрь 2015 года. [Report of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing. Infektsionnaya zabolevaemost’ v RF za yanvar’-sentyabr’ 2015 goda. (In Russ).] Доступно по: http://54. rospotrebnadzor.ru/en/396/-/asset_publisher/2nGZ/document/id/664722;jsessionid=6345F7DEC4A9E51D74E2AEFEB091D1B6? redirect=http%3A%2F%2F54.rospotrebnadzor.ru%2Fen%2F396%3Bjsessionid%3D6345F7DEC4A9E51D74E2AEFEB091D1B6%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_2nGZ%26p_p_lifecycle% 3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_count%3D2. Ссылка активна на 22.02.2016.Доклад Роспотребнадзора. Инфекционная заболеваемость в РФ за январь- сентябрь 2015 года. [Report of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing. Infektsionnaya zabolevaemost’ v RF za yanvar’-sentyabr’ 2015 goda. (In Russ).] Доступно по: http://54. rospotrebnadzor.ru/en/396/-/asset_publisher/2nGZ/document/id/664722;jsessionid=6345F7DEC4A9E51D74E2AEFEB091D1B6? redirect=http%3A%2F%2F54.rospotrebnadzor.ru%2Fen%2F396%3Bjsessionid%3D6345F7DEC4A9E51D74E2AEFEB091D1B6%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_2nGZ%26p_p_lifecycle% 3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_count%3D2. Ссылка активна на 22.02.2016.who.int [интернет]. Доклад ВОЗ. Эпиднадзор за острым вялым параличом (ОВП). [WHO report. Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance (In Russ).] Доступно по: http://www.who.int/topics/ poliomyelitis/surveillance/ru/index1.html. Ссылка активна на 21.02.1016.who.int [интернет]. Доклад ВОЗ. Эпиднадзор за острым вялым параличом (ОВП). [WHO report. Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance (In Russ).] Доступно по: http://www.who.int/topics/ poliomyelitis/surveillance/ru/index1.html. Ссылка активна на 21.02.1016.Diop OM, Burns CC, Sutter RW, et al. Update on Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses - Worldwide, January 2014-March 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(23):640– 646.Diop OM, Burns CC, Sutter RW, et al. Update on Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses - Worldwide, January 2014-March 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(23):640– 646.Dunn G, Klapsa D, Wilton T, et al. Twenty- eight years of poliovirus replication in an immunodeficient individual: Impact on the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. PLoS Pathog. 2015;11(8):e1005114. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005114.Dunn G, Klapsa D, Wilton T, et al. Twenty- eight years of poliovirus replication in an immunodeficient individual: Impact on the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. PLoS Pathog. 2015;11(8):e1005114. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005114.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.